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الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد»

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القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد (عرض المصدر)

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{{Quote||  
{{Quote||  
{قَاتِلُواْ الَّذين لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّه وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخر} وَلَا بنعيم الْجنَّة {وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ} فِي التَّوْرَاة {مَا حَرَّمَ الله وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحق} لَا يخضعون لله بِالتَّوْحِيدِ ثمَّ بيَّن من هم فَقَالَ {مِنَ الَّذين أُوتُواْ الْكتاب} أعْطوا الْكتاب يَعْنِي الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى {حَتَّى يُعْطُواْ الْجِزْيَة عَن يَدٍ} عَن قيام من يَد فِي يَد {وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} ذليلون}}
{قَاتِلُواْ الَّذين لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّه وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخر} وَلَا بنعيم الْجنَّة {وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ} فِي التَّوْرَاة {مَا حَرَّمَ الله وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحق} لَا يخضعون لله بِالتَّوْحِيدِ ثمَّ بيَّن من هم فَقَالَ {مِنَ الَّذين أُوتُواْ الْكتاب} أعْطوا الْكتاب يَعْنِي الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى {حَتَّى يُعْطُواْ الْجِزْيَة عَن يَدٍ} عَن قيام من يَد فِي يَد {وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} ذليلون}}
==Shi'ite==
===Al-Hilli===
[[W:Al-Hilli|Al-Hilli]] (1250-1325) was a Shi'ite theologian and [[mujtahid]]. He is considered the greatest Muslim jurist and scholar of his time.
{{Quote||'''INFIDELS ON WHOM A TRIBUTE MAY BE IMPOSED'''<BR><BR>
167. Some infidels are permitted to retain the privilege of practicing their religion, in return for a tribute; they are: the Jews, the Christians, and those whose revealed scripture is of doubtful authenticity, that is, the guebres. Any infidel other than those who profess one of the three above-mentioned religions must be compelled to embrace Islam.<BR><BR>
168. Every infidel belonging to one of the three categories mentioned in the preceding article, whatever his nationality, Arab or foreigner is permitted to practice his religion, provided that he abides by the conditions that are prescribed.<BR><BR>
...<BR><BR>
171. The following are exempt from the tribute: infidel minors, madmen, women, and old men who have reached an advanced age. The latter point is disputed, but it is based on tradition; the same goes for infidel slaves.<BR><BR>
172. Except for the persons mentioned in the preceding article, every infidel belonging to one of the three categories defined in article 167 is subject to the tribute, including monks and sick people.<BR><BR>
173. The infidel who is poor is obliged to pay the tribute, too; but one should wait until he has acquired the means with which to pay.<BR><BR>
...<BR><BR>
181. An infidel minor, upon attaining maturity, must be compelled to embrace Islam or else to be subjected to the tribute; if he refuses, he is to be reckoned as an enemy and treated as such.<BR><BR>
...<BR><BR>
'''TRUCE WITH THE INFIDELS'''<BR><BR>
215. This term is understood to mean a treaty concluded with the enemy, having as its purpose a temporary suspension of hostilities during a set period of time.<BR><BR>
216. The imam is authorized to negotiate the suspension of hostilities with a view to the general interest, for example, in the case where the number of Muslim soldiers is too weak to be able to continue the war advantageously; when it is necessary to wait for reinforcements, or when there is the hope that, thanks to a suspension of hostilities, the infidel will convert voluntarily to Islam.<BR><BR>
217. Except for the cases mentioned in the preceding article, and whn the Muslim army is strong enough in number to pursue the war, it is not permitted to declare a truce.<BR><BR>
218. A truce can be declared for a period of four months, but only once in any given year. Some jurists, citing the eighteenth verse of the ninth chapter of the Qur'an are of the opinion that the duration of the truce cannot exceed four months; others, inspired by the sixty0eighth verse of the eighth chapter are of the opinion that the duration of the truce can be extended beyond that term; but it is best, in this regard, to act according to the circumstances.<BR><BR>
219. The armistice can be concluded only for a set period of time, unless the imam has reserved for himself, by the treaty, the right to revoke it whenever he wants.<BR><BR>
220. When the treaty suspending the hostilities contains a few clauses contrary to the precepts of Islam, for instance the public performance of certain acts forbidden to Muslims, or the return of women captives or refugees, one is not obliged to observe them.<BR><BR>
221. The infidel woman who is a captive or a refugee among the Muslims must not be returned, if she has embraced Islam, or if she professed it already; but her dowry must be refunded to her husband, if it is made of things that Muslims are allowed to use; if not, the husband loses his claim to restitution in knod or in money.<BR><BR>
222. The infidel woman captive or refugee who has embraced Islam must not be returned, even if she apostatizes, since her conversion brought her into the bosom of Islam.<ref>Excerpted from ''Shara'i'u 'l-Islam, in A. Querry, trans., ''Droit Musulman, Recued des lois concernant les Musulmans Schyites [Collection of Laws concerning the Shiite Muslims]'' (Paris, 1871), pp. 342-52. English translation by Michael J. Miller.</ref>}}
===Al-`Amili===
[[W:Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili|Baha' ad-Din al-`Amili]] (1547-1621) was a Shi'ite scholar who wrote over 88 books on different topics. He is considered one of the main co-founders of Isfahan School of Islamic Philosophy.
{{Quote||'''PART SIX: HOLY WAR'''<BR><BR>
Islamic Holy war against followers of other religions, such as Jews, is required unless they convert to Islam or pay the poll tax. There are twelve conditions required in paying the poll tax. First condition: According to some ''Mojtahids'' those possessing Holy Scriptures, such as Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians, living in Muslim territories are obliged to pay the poll tax, (in lieu of conversion to Islam). ... If a Jew or any of those possessing Holy Scriptures converted to Islam, they were not obliged to pay the poll tax.<ref>Excerpted from ''Jami-i-Abbasi: yakdawrah-i fiqh-i'', trans. Baha' al-Din Muhammad ibn Husayn al-Amili (Tehran: Muassasah-i Intisharat-i Farahani, 1980), pp. 153-154, 367, 417, 423, 428-32; English translation from the Farsi by Fatemeh Masjedi.</ref>}}
===Al-Majlisi===
[[W:Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi]] (1616–1698), not to be confused with his famous father Mohammad Baqer Majlesi, was one of the most influential Shi'ite clerics of the Persian Safavid dynasty.
{{Quote||In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful, praise be to God who strengthens Islam and the Muslims, who degrades Unbelief. [It is He who] brings to the clear religion and bestows prayer upon him whom He sent as a mercy to all created beings, Mohammad and the most pure people of his household.<BR><BR>
Know that God, the Exalted, established the jizya upon the People of the Book, since they are closer to [true] guidance than the rest of the infidels, because they have heard about the manners and practices of the prophets, peace be upon them, and because they have seen the descriptions of His Excellency [Mohammad] in their books. Wherever they remain for some time among Muslims and hear Quranic verses and the ahadith of the Prophet and of those of his House [the Imams], peace be upon them, and witness the true laws and perfect worship of the people of Islam, if they do not act fanatically, they will quickly arrive at the knowledge of the true claims of Islam. So if they observe the conditions of the ''jizya'' and live in baseness and abjectness among Muslims, bias and obstinacy will not prevent them from accepting the true religion, and they will soon accept Quran [9:29]: "Fight against such as those who have been given the Scripture and believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which Allah hath forbidden by His Messenger, and follow not the religion of truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low." That is, fight against those who do not believe in God and in the Day of Resurrection, who do not prohibit the things that have been prohibited by God and His Prophet, such as wine and pork, and do not believe in the religion of truth, from among those who had been given the Book, - until they pay the jizya, with their own hands, while they are in a low and abased state.<ref>Excerpted form "Risala-ya Sawa'iq al-Yahud [The Treatise Lightning Bolts against the Jews]." English translation by V.B. Moreen in ''Die Welt des Islams'' 32 (1992): 187-193.</ref>}}


==Modern Day Scholars==
==Modern Day Scholars==
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