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الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد»

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القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد (عرض المصدر)

مراجعة ٠٥:١١، ١٥ يناير ٢٠٢٣

أُزيل ٢٬٦٠٢ بايت ،  ١٥ يناير ٢٠٢٣
←‏Al-Mawardi
[مراجعة منقحة][مراجعة منقحة]
سطر ١٥٥: سطر ١٥٥:
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi Al-Mawardi]</span> (d. 1058) was an Arab Shafi'i jurist, and his works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi Al-Mawardi]</span> (d. 1058) was an Arab Shafi'i jurist, and his works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field.


{{Quote||This section deals with the direction of war. The mushrikum of Dar al-Harb are of two types:<BR><BR>
{{Quote| [https://shamela.ws/book/22881/67#p6 الأحكام السلطانية لالماوردي]|وَالْقِسْمُ الثَّانِي مِنْ أَحْكَامِ هَذِهِ الْإِمَارَةِ فِي تَدْبِيرِ الْحَرْبِ، وَالْمُشْرِكُونَ فِي دَارِ الْحَرْبِ صِنْفَانِ:
First, those whom the call of Islam has reached, but they have refused it and have taken up arms. The amir of the army has the option of fighting them in one of two ways, that is in accordance with what he judges to be in the best of interests of the Muslims and most harmful to the mushrikun: the first, to harry them from their houses and to inflict damage on them day and night, by fighting and burning, or else to declare war and combat them in ranks;<BR><BR>
 
Second, those whom the invitation to Islam has not reached, although such  persons are few nowadays since Allah has made manifest the call of his Messenger - unless there are people to the east and extreme east, or to the west, of whom we have no knowledge, beyond the Turks and Romans we are fighting; it is forbidden to initiate an attack on the mushrikun while they are unawares or at night, that is, it is forbidden to kill them, use fire against them or begin an attack before explaining the invitation to Islam to them, informing them of the miracles of the Prophet and making plain the proofs so as to encourage acceptance on their part; if they still refuse to accept after this, war is waged against them and they are treated as those whom the call has reached. Allah, may He be exalted, says, "Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and kindly admonition and converse with them by what better in argument" (Qur'an 16:125) - which means ...<BR><BR>
صِنْفٌ مِنْهُمْ بَلَغَتْهُمْ دَعْوَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ فَامْتَنَعُوا مِنْهَا وَتَابُوا عَلَيْهَا، فَأَمِيرُ الْجَيْشِ مُخَيَّرٌ فِي قِتَالِهِمْ بَيْنَ أَمْرَيْنِ يَفْعَلُ مِنْهُمَا مَا عَلِمَ أَنَّهُ الْأَصْلَحُ لِلْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَأَنْكَأُ لِلْمُشْرِكِينَ؛ مِنْ بَيَاتِهِمْ لَيْلًا وَنَهَارًا بِالْقِتَالِ وَالتَّحْرِيقِ، وَأَنْ يُنْذِرَهُمْ بِالْحَرْبِ وَيُصَافَّهُمْ بِالْقِتَالِ.
If the amir initiates the attack against them before calling tem to Islam or warning them by means of cogent proofs, and kills them by surprise or at night, blood money must be paid; according to the most correct judgment of the Shafi'is, it is equal to the blood money paid to Muslims, although according to others it is equal to the blood money paid to the kuffar, because of the difference of their beliefs. Abu Hanifah, however, says that no blood money is liable for killing them and their blood is shed with impunity.<BR><BR>
 
A Muslim may put to death any mushrik combatant he seizes, whether or not he is involved in the fighting. There is a difference of opinion regarding the killing of old persons and monks inhabiting cells and monasteries. ...<BR><BR>
وَالصِّنْفُ الثَّانِي: لَمْ تَبْلُغْهُمْ دَعْوَةُ الْإِسْلَامِ، وَقَلَّ أَنْ يَكُونُوا الْيَوْمَ؛ لِمَا قَدْ أَظْهَرَ اللَّهُ مِنْ دَعْوَةِ رَسُولِهِ، إلَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ قَوْمٌ مِنْ وَرَاءِ مَنْ يُقَابِلُنَا مِنَ التُّرْكِ وَالرُّومِ فِي مَبَادِئِ الْمَشْرِقِ وَأَقَاصِيّ الْمَغْرِبِ لَا نَعْرِفُهُمْ، فَيَحْرُمُ عَلَيْنَا الْإِقْدَامُ عَلَى قِتَالِهِمْ غِرَّةً وَبَيَاتًا بِالْقَتْلِ وَالتَّحْرِيقِ، وَأَنْ نَبْدَأَهُمْ بِالْقَتْلِ قَبْلَ إظْهَارِ دَعْوَةِ الْإِسْلَامِ لَهُمْ، وَإِعْلَامِهِمْ مِنْ مُعْجِزَاتِ النُّبُوَّةِ وَإِظْهَارِ الْحُجَّةِ بِمَا يَقُودُهُمْ إلَى الْإِجَابَةِ، فَإِنْ قَامُوا عَلَى الْكُفْرِ بَعْدَ ظُهُورِهَا لَهُمْ حَارَبَهُمْ، وَصَارُوا فِيهِ كَمَنْ بَلَغَتْهُمْ الدَّعْوَةُ، قَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى: {اُدْعُ إلَى سَبِيلِ رَبِّكَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ وَالْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ وَجَادِلْهُمْ بِاَلَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ} [النحل: ١٢٥] .
It is not permitted to kill women and children in battle, nor elsewhere, as long as they are not fighting because of the prohibition of the Messenger of ALlah, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, forbade the killing of those employed as servants and mamlouks, that is young slaves. If women and children fight, then they are fought and killed, but only face to face, not from behind while fleeing. If they use their women and children as shields in battle, then one must avoid killing them and aim only at killing the men; if, however, it is impossible to kill them except by killing the women and children, then it is permitted. ...<BR><BR>
 
Moreover as continual perseverence in fighting is among the duties of jihad, it is binding until one of four things occur:<BR><BR>
يَعْنِي: اُدْعُ إلَى دَيْنِ رَبِّكَ بِالْحِكْمَةِ، وَفِيهَا تَأْوِيلَانِ:
First, they (the enemy) become Muslims, in which case they receive the same rights as us, become responsible for the same obligations as us and they are allowed to retain any land and property they possess. The Messenger of Allah, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, said, "I have been commanded to fight the people until they say, 'No god but Allah.' If they say thing, then their blood and their property are safe from me - except when there exists another legitimate reason." Their country becomes part of the Territory of Islam when they become Muslims during the battle - be they small or great in number - any land or wealth belonging to them in the battle-zone remains theirs. If the amir conquers the battle zone he cannot take the wealth of those who have accepted Islam. ...<BR><BR>
 
Their Islam also entails Islam for any minors amongst their children and any still in the womb. Abu Hanifah, however, says that if a kafir becomes a Muslim in the Territory of Islam, it does not entail Islam for his children who are still minors, whereas if he becomes a Muslim in Dar al-Harb, it entails Islam for his children who are minors, but not for the foetus, for his wife and the foetus are treated as fay.<BR><BR>
أَحَدُهُمَا: بِالنُّبُوَّةِ.
. . .<BR><BR>
 
The second thing that might occur is that Allah gives victory over them but they remain mushrikun, in which case their women and children are taken prisoner, and their wealth is taken as booty, and those who are not made captive are put to death. As for the captives, the amir has the choice of taking the most beneficial action of the four possibilities: the first, to put them to death by cutting their necks; the second, to enslave them and apply the lays of slavery regarding their sale or manumission; the third, to ransom them in exchange for goods or prisoners; and fourth, to show favour to them and pardon them. Allah, may He be exalted, says, "When you encounter those who deny [the Truth] then strike [their] necks" (Qur'an 47:7). ...<BR><BR>
وَالثَّانِي: بِالْقُرْآنِ.
The third possibility is that the enemy make a payment in return for peace and reconciliation. It is permitted to accept this payment and reconciliation with them in two ways:<BR>
 
# Payment is made immediately and is not treated as ongoing tribute. This payment is treated as booty ... [and] it represents a guarantee that those paying it will no longer be fought during this jihad; it does, however, not prevent a jihad being carried out against them in the future;
قَالَ الْكَلْبِيُّ: وَفِي الْمَوْعِظَةِ الْحَسَنَةِ تَأْوِيلَانِ:
#They make a payment every year in which case it constitutes an ongoing trobute by which their security is established. What is taken from them in the first year is treated as booty and is shared amongst the people entitled to the day. It is not permitted to resume the jihad against them as long as they make the payments. If one of them enters Dar al-Islam, this contract of reconciliation guarantees safety for himself and his wealth. If they refuse to make payment, however, the reconciliation ceases, their security is no longer guaranteed and war must be waged on them - like any other presons from the enemy camp. ...<BR><BR>
 
As for presents which the enemy offer before before hostilities, their acceptance does not mean any arrangement has been made and it is permitted to make war on them after the offer - as an such arrangement was not the result of contract;<BR><BR>
أَحَدُهُمَا: الْقُرْآنُ فِي لِينٍ مِنَ الْقَوْلِ، قَالَهُ الْكَلْبِيُّ
The fourth possibility is that the enemy requests a guarantee of safety and a truce. It is permitted to make a truce of peace for a specific period with them if victory over them and taking payment from them is too difficult to obtain ... The Messenger of Allah, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, made a ten year truce with the Quraysh in the year of Hudaybiyyah. It should be as short as possible and not exceed ten years; if a truce is made with them for more than this, the period in excess of this is invalidated. ...<BR><BR>
 
This section concerning the rules of this type of amirate is about the action to be taken in assailing and fighting the enemy. The amir of the army may use ballistas and catapults when beieging the enemy, for the Messenger of Allah, may the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, set up a catapult against the inhabitants of Ta'if. He may also destroy their homes, make night raids against them and cause fire. If, moreover, he reckons that by cutting their date-pals and their tree down it will serve to weaken them, such that they are overcome by force and compelled to make a peace agreement, then he should do it; he should not, however, act in this way if he does not see any such benefit in it.
الثَّانِي: مَا فِيهِ مِنَ الْأَمْرِ وَالنَّهْيِ.
. . .<BR><BR>
 
It is also permitted to block off the supply of water to them, or to prevent them from using it, even if there are women and children amongst them
{وَجَادِلْهُمْ بِاَلَّتِي هِيَ أَحْسَنُ} .
<ref>Excerpted from Al-Mawardi's, ''The Laws of Islamic Governance [al-Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah], trans. Asadullah Yate (London: Ta-Ha, 1996), p.60, 77-78, 200-201.</ref>}}
 
أَيْ: يُبَيِّنُ لَهُمُ الْحَقَّ وَيُوَضِّحُ لَهُمُ الْحُجَّةَ، فَإِنْ بَدَأَ بِقِتَالِهِمْ قَبْلَ دُعَائِهِمْ إلَى الْإِسْلَامِ وَإِنْذَارِهِمْ بِالْحُجَّةِ وَقَتْلِهِمْ غُرَّةً وَبَيَاتًا ضَمِنَ دِيَاتِ نُفُوسِهِمْ، وَكَانَتْ عَلَى الْأَصَحِّ مِنْ مَذْهَبِ الشَّافِعِيِّ كَدِيَاتِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقِيلَ: بَلْ كَدِيَاتِ الْكُفَّارِ عَلَى اخْتِلَافِهَا اخْتِلَافِ مُعْتَقِدِهِمْ.
 
وَقَالَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ: لَا دِيَةَ عَلَى قَتْلِهِمْ وَنُفُوسُهُمْ هَدَرٌ، وَإِذَا تَقَاتَلَتْ الصُّفُوفُ فِي الْحَرْبِ جَازَ لِمَنْ قَاتَلَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ أَنْ يُعَلِّمَهُمْ بِمَا يَشْتَهِرُ بِهِ بَيْنَ الصَّفَّيْنِ، وَيَتَمَيَّزُ بِهِ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْجَيْشِ، بِأَنْ يَرْكَبَ الْأَبْلَقَ١ وَإِنْ كَانَتْ خُيُولُ النَّاسِ دُهْمًا وَشُقْرًا، وَمَنَعَ أَبُو حَنِيفَةَ مِنَ الْإِعْلَامِ رُكُوبَ الْأَبْلَقِ، وَلَيْسَ لِمَنْعِهِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ وَجْهٌ، رَوَى عَبْدُ بْنُ عَوْنِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَيْرٍ عَنْ أَبِي إِسْحَاقَ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ -صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ- قَالَ يَوْمَ بَدْرٍ: "تَسَوَّمُوا فَإِنَّ الْمَلَائِكَةَ قَدْ تَسَوَّمَتْ"٢.
 
وَيَجُوزُ أَنْ يُجِيبَ إلَى الْبِرَازِ إذَا دُعِيَ إلَيْهِ.
}}


====Ibn Kathir====
====Ibn Kathir====
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