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←Race and Tribe in Islamic doctrine
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He, Ibn al-Qasim, said: If he [the criminal] slandered him, and then he [the criminal] left Islam, or if he [the criminal] slandered him while he [the criminal] was an apostate [''murtad''], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] while he [the criminal] was an apostate – and if he [the criminal] repented [i.e. returned to Islam], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] just as well. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] while he [the victim] was an apostate, and then he [the victim] repented, then there would be no hadd upon him [the criminal]. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] before he [the victim] apostatized, and then he [the victim] apostatized, then there is no hadd upon the slanderer [i.e. the criminal] if he [the victim] repents [i.e. returns to Islam] – and indeed this is similar to the case of a man who was slandered with [the accusation of] ''zina'' [fornication/adultery] but was not taken thus for the hadd [i.e. not punished or prosecuted] until he [the victim] [actually] committed ''zina'' [fornication/adultery], for then [also] there is no hadd upon whoever slandered him.}}{{Quote|{{citation|title=al-Shifa bi-ta'rif huquq al-Mustafa|author=Qadi Iyad|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|url=https://app.turath.io/book/1753|volume=2|page=217, 234}}; translated in {{citation|editor=Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley|Publisher=Madinah Press Inverness|location=Scotland|year=2004|title=Ash-Shifa of Qadi 'Iyad|pages=375, 387|url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadMessengerOfAllahAshShifaOfQadiIyad}}|[Qadi Iyad repeats this twice:] Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, '''the companion of Sahnun, said, 'Anyone who says that the Prophet was black (''aswad'') should be killed.''''}} | He, Ibn al-Qasim, said: If he [the criminal] slandered him, and then he [the criminal] left Islam, or if he [the criminal] slandered him while he [the criminal] was an apostate [''murtad''], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] while he [the criminal] was an apostate – and if he [the criminal] repented [i.e. returned to Islam], then the hadd would be implemented against him [the criminal] just as well. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] while he [the victim] was an apostate, and then he [the victim] repented, then there would be no hadd upon him [the criminal]. And if someone [being a criminal] slandered him [the victim] before he [the victim] apostatized, and then he [the victim] apostatized, then there is no hadd upon the slanderer [i.e. the criminal] if he [the victim] repents [i.e. returns to Islam] – and indeed this is similar to the case of a man who was slandered with [the accusation of] ''zina'' [fornication/adultery] but was not taken thus for the hadd [i.e. not punished or prosecuted] until he [the victim] [actually] committed ''zina'' [fornication/adultery], for then [also] there is no hadd upon whoever slandered him.}}{{Quote|{{citation|title=al-Shifa bi-ta'rif huquq al-Mustafa|author=Qadi Iyad|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|url=https://app.turath.io/book/1753|volume=2|page=217, 234}}; translated in {{citation|editor=Aisha Abdarrahman Bewley|Publisher=Madinah Press Inverness|location=Scotland|year=2004|title=Ash-Shifa of Qadi 'Iyad|pages=375, 387|url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadMessengerOfAllahAshShifaOfQadiIyad}}|[Qadi Iyad repeats this twice:] Ahmad b. Abi Sulayman, '''the companion of Sahnun, said, 'Anyone who says that the Prophet was black (''aswad'') should be killed.''''}} | ||
== | ==العنصر والقبيلة في العقيدة الإسلامية== | ||
=== | ===فضل العرب=== | ||
==== | ====الآراء الكلاسيكية==== | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Ibn Taymiyyah|title=Iqtida Sirat al-Mustaqim|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|Chapter=The difference between the Arab and non-Arab races|volume=1|pages=419-461|url=https://app.turath.io/book/11620}}|'''The Arabs are more intelligent than those other than themselves and are more capable in delivery and expression''' . . . verily, what the people of the sunnah are upon is the belief (i’tiqaad) that '''the Arab race is better (afdal) than the Non-Arab race'''. Whether (the Non-Arabs) are Hebrews, Aramaic, Romans, Persians and other than them . . . not simply due to the fact the prophet peace be upon him is from them – even though this is [a point] of superiority – but instead, '''they themselves are superior within themselves''' . . . [for] '''Allah the Most High has designated the Arabs and their language with rulings that are peculiar and unique.'''”}}{{Quote|Abu Hanifah quoted in {{citation|author=Muhammad al-Shaybani|title=al-Jami al-Sagheer|pages=140-141}} quoted in {{citation|author=Susan A. Spectorsky|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law|publisher=Brill|page=77|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1|year=2010}}|'''The Quraysh are each other’s equals, and the Arabs are each other’s equals'''. Among the non-Arabs, whoever has two Muslim parents or grandparents are each other’s equal.}}{{Quote|{{citation|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|author=[[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti]]|page=48|url=https://app.turath.io/book/151019|title=Sawn al-Mantiq wal-Kalam an Fanni al-Mantiq wal-Kalam}}|Imam Shafi'i said, "'''People do not become ignorant and do not disagree except due to their leaving the tongue of the Arabs''' and their adoption of the tongue of Aristotle"}}{{Quote|Ahmad ibn Hanbal quoted in {{citation|author=Ibn Hani|title=Masail Ahmad b. Hanbal|page=200|chapter=no. 992}} quoted in {{citation|author=Susan A. Spectorsky|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law|publisher=Brill|page=78|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1|year=2010}}|'''Arabs are of equal standing with each other, and the Quraysh are of equal standing with each other.'''}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Ibn Abi Ya'la|volume=1|page=30|title=Tabaqat al-Hanabilah|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9543|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}; translated in {{citation|page=32|author=Nimrod Hurvitz|publisher=Routledge|title=The Formation of Hanbalism|year=2002|ISBN=978-0-415-61641-6}}|He '''(Ibn Hanbal) acknowledged the Arab’s due, and their superiority (fadlaha) and their priority (sabiqataha)''' and he loved the . . . he (Ibn Hanbal) did not adhere to the doctrine of '''the Shu’ubiyya [a Persian sect that believed in racial egalitarianism]''' and the contemptible (among) the mawali [non-Arabs] that disliked the Arabs and did not concede to them their [Arabs] superiority. '''He (ascribed to) them (Shu’ubiyya) innovation, hypocrisy and controversy.'''}} | {{Quote|{{citation|author=Ibn Taymiyyah|title=Iqtida Sirat al-Mustaqim|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|Chapter=The difference between the Arab and non-Arab races|volume=1|pages=419-461|url=https://app.turath.io/book/11620}}|'''The Arabs are more intelligent than those other than themselves and are more capable in delivery and expression''' . . . verily, what the people of the sunnah are upon is the belief (i’tiqaad) that '''the Arab race is better (afdal) than the Non-Arab race'''. Whether (the Non-Arabs) are Hebrews, Aramaic, Romans, Persians and other than them . . . not simply due to the fact the prophet peace be upon him is from them – even though this is [a point] of superiority – but instead, '''they themselves are superior within themselves''' . . . [for] '''Allah the Most High has designated the Arabs and their language with rulings that are peculiar and unique.'''”}}{{Quote|Abu Hanifah quoted in {{citation|author=Muhammad al-Shaybani|title=al-Jami al-Sagheer|pages=140-141}} quoted in {{citation|author=Susan A. Spectorsky|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law|publisher=Brill|page=77|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1|year=2010}}|'''The Quraysh are each other’s equals, and the Arabs are each other’s equals'''. Among the non-Arabs, whoever has two Muslim parents or grandparents are each other’s equal.}}{{Quote|{{citation|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila|author=[[Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti]]|page=48|url=https://app.turath.io/book/151019|title=Sawn al-Mantiq wal-Kalam an Fanni al-Mantiq wal-Kalam}}|Imam Shafi'i said, "'''People do not become ignorant and do not disagree except due to their leaving the tongue of the Arabs''' and their adoption of the tongue of Aristotle"}}{{Quote|Ahmad ibn Hanbal quoted in {{citation|author=Ibn Hani|title=Masail Ahmad b. Hanbal|page=200|chapter=no. 992}} quoted in {{citation|author=Susan A. Spectorsky|title=Women in Classical Islamic Law|publisher=Brill|page=78|ISBN=978 90 04 17435 1|year=2010}}|'''Arabs are of equal standing with each other, and the Quraysh are of equal standing with each other.'''}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Ibn Abi Ya'la|volume=1|page=30|title=Tabaqat al-Hanabilah|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9543|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}; translated in {{citation|page=32|author=Nimrod Hurvitz|publisher=Routledge|title=The Formation of Hanbalism|year=2002|ISBN=978-0-415-61641-6}}|He '''(Ibn Hanbal) acknowledged the Arab’s due, and their superiority (fadlaha) and their priority (sabiqataha)''' and he loved the . . . he (Ibn Hanbal) did not adhere to the doctrine of '''the Shu’ubiyya [a Persian sect that believed in racial egalitarianism]''' and the contemptible (among) the mawali [non-Arabs] that disliked the Arabs and did not concede to them their [Arabs] superiority. '''He (ascribed to) them (Shu’ubiyya) innovation, hypocrisy and controversy.'''}} | ||
==== | ====الآراء الحديثة==== | ||
{{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani|chapter=Shaykh al-Albani on Ibn Taymiyyah regarding the superiority of the Arab to non-Arab races|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H8gopHWJgE&ab_channel=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112221020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H8gopHWJgE&ab_channel=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A}}|[In response to a question regarding Ibn Taymiyyah’s statement:] '''Do you think, now, that the African people are like the Europeans in their conciousness and intelligence?''' . . . '''Do you not prefer the European people over the African people?''' . . . [likewise,] Allah almighty knows that the Arabs are . . . fit to bear the call [of Islam] and to understand it . . .}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur|title=Maqasid al-Shari'ah|url=https://app.turath.io/book/17094|volume=3|pages=260-261|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}|“Allah choose to send this Sharia to a prophet from the Arab nation . . . [because] they were '''distinguished from among all nations [in] . . . quality of mind'''”}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen|url=http://fatawapedia.com/25083|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112221533/http://fatawapedia.com/25083|chapter=Fatwa 25083: How do we reconcile between the exalted's statement 'Indeed the most noble of you is the most pious' and what was mentioned about the superiority of the Arabs?|publisher=Fatwapedia}}|'''The race of the Arabs is is better than the race of the non-Arabs, no doubt.'''}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Abu Hasan Ali Nadwi|Title=al-Arab wal-Islam|edition=2nd|year=1389 AH|location=Beirut}}|Allah chose the Arab for Islam because of their '''natural and moral characteristics that are unique to them''' . . . I believe that '''the nature of the Arabs is mixed in with the religion of Islam''' . . .}}{{Quote|{{citation|editor=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid|chapter=Fatwa 182686: Is the Arab Muslim better than the non-Arab Muslim?|date=September 24th, 2017|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/182686/is-the-arab-muslim-better-than-the-non-arab-muslim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118194723/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/182686/is-the-arab-muslim-better-than-the-non-arab-muslim}}|In the answer to question no. 115934, we noted that '''Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamaa‘ah are unanimously agreed that the Arabs are superior to others in terms of descent and lineage, and that regarding the Arabs as superior is in general terms''', and does not apply at the individual level. So a non-Arab who is pious and righteous is better than an Arab who falls short in his duties to Allah, may He be exalted.}}{{Quote|{{citation|publisher=Islam Question & Answer|date=May 27th, 2008|chapter=Fatwa 115934: Superiority of the Arab|editor=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid|trans_title=فضل العرب|url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/115934/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213022432/https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/115934/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8}}|'''It is from that which is decided from the sunnah of the prophet that Arabism [''urubah''; lit. “the quality of being Arabian”<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h715,ll=2084,ls=h5,la=h2863,sg=h701,ha=h473,br=h634,pr=h104,aan=h407,mgf=h593,vi=h257,kz=h1608,mr=h420,mn=h911,uqw=h1064,umr=h711,ums=h591,umj=h524,ulq=h1202,uqa=h286,uqq=h237,bdw=h587,amr=h425,asb=h640,auh=h1033,dhq=h365,mht=h591,msb=h159,tla=h70,amj=h516,ens=h28,mis=h1439 Lane’s Lexicon عروبة]</ref> is superior over other races.''' This is because Allah chose Muhammad from the Arabs and made the Quran – which is the eternal message – Arabic. And the Sunnis [lit. “people of the Sunnah”] have agreed upon the superiority of the Arabism over other races and lineages. | {{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani|chapter=Shaykh al-Albani on Ibn Taymiyyah regarding the superiority of the Arab to non-Arab races|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H8gopHWJgE&ab_channel=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112221020/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9H8gopHWJgE&ab_channel=%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A}}|[In response to a question regarding Ibn Taymiyyah’s statement:] '''Do you think, now, that the African people are like the Europeans in their conciousness and intelligence?''' . . . '''Do you not prefer the European people over the African people?''' . . . [likewise,] Allah almighty knows that the Arabs are . . . fit to bear the call [of Islam] and to understand it . . .}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur|title=Maqasid al-Shari'ah|url=https://app.turath.io/book/17094|volume=3|pages=260-261|publisher=al-Maktaba al-Shamila}}|“Allah choose to send this Sharia to a prophet from the Arab nation . . . [because] they were '''distinguished from among all nations [in] . . . quality of mind'''”}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Muhammad ibn al-Uthaymeen|url=http://fatawapedia.com/25083|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112221533/http://fatawapedia.com/25083|chapter=Fatwa 25083: How do we reconcile between the exalted's statement 'Indeed the most noble of you is the most pious' and what was mentioned about the superiority of the Arabs?|publisher=Fatwapedia}}|'''The race of the Arabs is is better than the race of the non-Arabs, no doubt.'''}}{{Quote|{{citation|author=Abu Hasan Ali Nadwi|Title=al-Arab wal-Islam|edition=2nd|year=1389 AH|location=Beirut}}|Allah chose the Arab for Islam because of their '''natural and moral characteristics that are unique to them''' . . . I believe that '''the nature of the Arabs is mixed in with the religion of Islam''' . . .}}{{Quote|{{citation|editor=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid|chapter=Fatwa 182686: Is the Arab Muslim better than the non-Arab Muslim?|date=September 24th, 2017|url=https://islamqa.info/en/answers/182686/is-the-arab-muslim-better-than-the-non-arab-muslim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118194723/https://islamqa.info/en/answers/182686/is-the-arab-muslim-better-than-the-non-arab-muslim}}|In the answer to question no. 115934, we noted that '''Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamaa‘ah are unanimously agreed that the Arabs are superior to others in terms of descent and lineage, and that regarding the Arabs as superior is in general terms''', and does not apply at the individual level. So a non-Arab who is pious and righteous is better than an Arab who falls short in his duties to Allah, may He be exalted.}}{{Quote|{{citation|publisher=Islam Question & Answer|date=May 27th, 2008|chapter=Fatwa 115934: Superiority of the Arab|editor=Muhammad Saalih al-Munajjid|trans_title=فضل العرب|url=https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/115934/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213022432/https://islamqa.info/ar/answers/115934/%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8}}|'''It is from that which is decided from the sunnah of the prophet that Arabism [''urubah''; lit. “the quality of being Arabian”<ref>[http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=h715,ll=2084,ls=h5,la=h2863,sg=h701,ha=h473,br=h634,pr=h104,aan=h407,mgf=h593,vi=h257,kz=h1608,mr=h420,mn=h911,uqw=h1064,umr=h711,ums=h591,umj=h524,ulq=h1202,uqa=h286,uqq=h237,bdw=h587,amr=h425,asb=h640,auh=h1033,dhq=h365,mht=h591,msb=h159,tla=h70,amj=h516,ens=h28,mis=h1439 Lane’s Lexicon عروبة]</ref> is superior over other races.''' This is because Allah chose Muhammad from the Arabs and made the Quran – which is the eternal message – Arabic. And the Sunnis [lit. “people of the Sunnah”] have agreed upon the superiority of the Arabism over other races and lineages. | ||