الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: الذمة»

<big>كلمة "الذمة"قي السياق الإسلامي تعني العهد بين الدولة الإسلامية وسكانها الغير مسلمين ل"حمياتهم." حسب الباحثة المصرية البريطانية بات يور الذمة هي استمرار حالة الجهاد ضد الكفار, محاولة مستمرة لقهر الكفار العائشين تحت حكم المسلمين باسم الإسلام. في الذمة ، يتم إذلال الشعب المحتل وإجباره على دفع ثمن حقه في العيش من خلال الجزية. رعايا الذمة هم أهل الذمة، الذين يتم التسامح مع حياتهم ودياناتهم ، على الرغم من أن أهل الذمة أنفسهم يخضعون للعديد من القيود الشخصية التي تجعلهم في حالة مواطنين من الدرجة الثانية ، بينما يتم تحييد دينهم من أي تهديد محتمل يمكن أن تشكل على الإسلام. العلماء واضحون تمامًا ، بالاتفاق مع القرآن ، أن أهل الذمة يجب أن يشعروا بأنهم مهينون وخاضعون ، ولا يساويون المسلمين أبدًا. وفقًا للعلماء ، يجب أن تنطبق على جميع غير المسلمين الذين يعيشون تحت الحكم الإسلامي في جميع الأوقات ، ويجب أن تكون الخيار الوحيد لجميع الكافرين في العالم إلى جانب اعتناق الإسلام أو الموت. على هذا النحو يمكن النظر إلى الذمة على أنها امتداد للدولة الإسلامية الحربية تجاه رعاياها المهزومة ، وجهاد لا ينتهي لمحو الكفر والشرك من على وجه الارض. على الرغم من أن داعش حاول إعادة الذمة في العراق ، إلا أن هذا لم يدم طويلاً كخلافة. خارج المتطرفين مثل داعش ، يستمر الجدل في العالم الإسلامي حول مكان الجزية وقوانين الذمي الأخرى في المجتمعات الإسلامية الحديثة. على الرغم من أن معظم الأوامر ضد أهل الذمة ، مثل أنهم يفسحون الطريق دائمًا للمسلمين في الشارع ، فإن شهادتهم في المحكمة الجنائية لا يتم إدخالها كدليل ضد المسلمين ، أو ارتداء ملابس خاصة ، لم يتم تنفيذها في معظم البلدان الإسلامية لعقود (في معظم أنحاء الشرق الأوسط ، انتهى هذا الأمر تمامًا مع انهيار الإمبراطورية العثمانية في نهاية الحرب العالمية الأولى) ، يواصل العلماء المسلمون حتى يومنا هذا دعواتهم إلى إعادة الذمة على غيرهم. -المسلمون كجزء من استمرار الجهاد.</big>

{{Quote|{{Quran|5|64}}|And the Jews say: The hand of Allah is tied up! Their hands shall be shackled and '''they shall be cursed for what they say.''' Nay, both His hands are spread out, He expends as He pleases; and what has been revealed to you from your Lord will certainly make many of them increase in inordinacy and unbelief; and We have put enmity and hatred among them till the day of resurrection; whenever they kindle a fire for war Allah puts it out, and they strive to make mischief in the land; and Allah does not love the mischief-makers.}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|9|30}}|The Jews call 'Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah. That is a saying from their mouth; (in this) they but imitate what the unbelievers of old used to say. Allah's curse be on them: how they are deluded away from the Truth!}}

{{Quote|{{Quran|9|29}}|Fight those who believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, nor hold that forbidden which hath been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, nor acknowledge the religion of Truth, (even if they are) of the People of the Book, '''until they pay the Jizya with willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.'''}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|9|83|50}}|Narrated Abu Juhaifa:  

Allaah Knows best.}}

{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Jizyah}}

{{Quote|Al-Ghazali (1101)|...the dhimmi is obliged not to mention Allah or His Apostle…Jews, Christians, and Majians must pay the jizya …on offering up the jizya, the dhimmi must hang his head while the official takes hold of his beard and hits [the dhimmi] on the protruberant bone beneath his ear [i.e., the mandible]...<ref>Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagiz fi fiqh madhab al-imam al-Safi’i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202-203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]</ref>}}

{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Friendship with Non-Muslims}}

{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:People of the Book}}

The scholars of Hadith narrated from `Abdur-Rahman bin Ghanm Al-Ash`ari that he said, "I recorded for `Umar bin Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, the terms of the treaty of peace he conducted with the Christians of Ash-Sham: `In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful. This is a document to the servant of Allah `Umar, the Leader of the faithful, from the Christians of such and such city. When you (Muslims) came to us we requested safety for ourselves, children, property and followers of our religion. We made a condition on ourselves that we will neither erect in our areas a monastery, church, or a sanctuary for a monk, nor restore any place of worship that needs restoration nor use any of them for the purpose of enmity against Muslims. We will not prevent any Muslim from resting in our churches whether they come by day or night, and we will open the doors [of our houses of worship] for the wayfarer and passerby. Those Muslims who come as guests, will enjoy boarding and food for three days. We will not allow a spy against Muslims into our churches and homes or hide deceit [or betrayal] against Muslims. We will not teach our children the Qur'an, publicize practices of Shirk, invite anyone to Shirk or prevent any of our fellows from embracing Islam, if they choose to do so. '''We will respect Muslims, move from the places we sit in if they choose to sit in them. We will not imitate their clothing, caps, turbans, sandals, hairstyles, speech, nicknames and title names, or ride on saddles, hang swords on the shoulders, collect weapons of any kind or carry these weapons. We will not encrypt our stamps in Arabic, or sell liquor. We will have the front of our hair cut, wear our customary clothes wherever we are, wear belts around our waist, refrain from erecting crosses on the outside of our churches and demonstrating them and our books in public in Muslim fairways and markets. We will not sound the bells in our churches, except discretely, or raise our voices while reciting our holy books inside our churches in the presence of Muslims, nor raise our voices [with prayer] at our funerals, or light torches in funeral processions in the fairways of Muslims, or their markets. We will not bury our dead next to Muslim dead, or buy servants who were captured by Muslims. We will be guides for Muslims and refrain from breaching their privacy in their homes.' ''' When I gave this document to `Umar, he added to it, 'We will not beat any Muslim. These are the conditions that we set against ourselves and followers of our religion in return for safety and protection. If we break any of these promises that we set for your benefit against ourselves, then our Dhimmah (promise of protection) is broken and you are allowed to do with us what you are allowed of people of defiance and rebellion.' "}}

{{Main|Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Apostasy}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|1|29}}|It is narrated on the authority of Abu Huraira that when the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) breathed his last and Abu Bakr was appointed as his successor (Caliph), those amongst the Arabs who wanted to become apostates became apostates. 'Umar b. Khattab said to Abu Bakr: Why would you fight against the people, when '''the Messenger of Allah declared: I have been directed to fight against people so long as they do not say: There is no god but Allah, and he who professed it was granted full protection of his property and life on my behalf except for a right?''' His (other) affairs rest with Allah. Upon this Abu Bakr said: By Allah, I would definitely fight against him who severed prayer from Zakat, for it is the obligation upon the rich. By Allah, I would fight against them even to secure the cord (used for hobbling the feet of a camel) which they used to give to the Messenger of Allah (as zakat) but now they have withheld it. Umar b. Khattab remarked: By Allah, I found nothing but the fact that Allah had opened the heart of Abu Bakr for (perceiving the justification of) fighting (against those who refused to pay Zakat) and I fully recognized that the (stand of Abu Bakr) was right.}}

{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|288}}|Narrated Said bin Jubair: Ibn 'Abbas said, "Thursday! What (great thing) took place on Thursday!" Then he started weeping till his tears wetted the gravels of the ground . Then he said, "On Thursday the illness of Allah's Apostle was aggravated and he said, "Fetch me writing materials so that I may have something written to you after which you will never go astray." The people (present there) differed in this matter and people should not differ before a prophet. They said, "Allah's Apostle is seriously sick.' The Prophet said, "Let me alone, as the state in which I am now, is better than what you are calling me for." The Prophet on his death-bed, gave three orders saying, "'''Expel the pagans from the Arabian Peninsula''', respect and give gifts to the foreign delegates as you have seen me dealing with them." I forgot the third (order)" (Ya'qub bin Muhammad said, "I asked Al-Mughira bin 'Abdur-Rahman about the Arabian Peninsula and he said, 'It comprises Mecca, Medina, Al-Yama-ma and Yemen." Ya'qub added, "And Al-Arj, the beginning of Tihama.")}}

{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4366}}|It has been narrated by 'Umar b. al-Khattib that he heard the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) say: '''I will expel the Jews and Christians from the Arabian Peninsula and will not leave any but Muslim.'''}}

{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |title=Sunan Abu Dawud: Book 20 Hadith 78 (Hadith 2999 in English) |publisher= |author= |date= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140708220628/http://sunnah.com/abudawud/20/78 |deadurl=no}} |Ibn ‘Umar said “The Jews Al Nadir and Quraizah fought with the Apostle of Allaah, so the Apostle of Allaah expelled Banu Al Nadir and allowed the Quraizah to stay and favored them. The Quraizah thereafter fought (with the Prophet).” So he killed their men and divided their women, property and children among Muslims except some of them who associated with the Apostle of Allaah. He gave them protection and later on they embraced Islam. The Apostle of Allaah expelled all the Jews of Madeenah in Toto, Banu Qainuqa, they were the people of ‘Abd Allaah bin Salam, the Jews of Banu Harith and any of Jews who resided in Madeenah.}}

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|41|4997}}|Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin: The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) used to setup a pulpit in the mosque for Hassan who would stand on it and satirise those who spoke against the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him). The Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him) would say: The spirit of holiness (i.e. Gabriel) is with Hassan so long as he speaks in defence of the Apostle of Allah (peace be upon him).}}

'''Abu Dawud Volume 2 Footnote 1046:''' Muhammad sacrificed a camel to enrage the infidels.

{{Quote|{{Abu Dawud|19|3082}}|Narrated Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-'As:  

{{Quote|{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=PJNgCwAAQBAJ&dq=Muslims+would+not+find+a+man+to+talk+to+and+profit+from+his+labors&source=gbs_navlinks_s |title=The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise |publisher=Open Road Media |author=Darío Fernández-Morera |date= |archiveurl= |deadurl=no}} ISBN 1504034694. See also [http://web.archive.org/web/20160918142008/https://world.wng.org/2016/09/life_as_a_dhimmi_in_medieval_islamic_spain].|Have you considered, if we take them [as slaves] and share them out, what will be left for Muslims who come after us? By God, the Muslims would not find a man to talk to and profit from his labors. The Muslims of our day will eat [from the work of] these people as long as they live, and when we and they die, our sons will eat their sons forever, as long as they remain, for they are slaves to the people of the religion of Islam as long as the religion of Islam shall prevail.}}