إذا تحب ويكي إسلام فيمكنك التبرع هنا الرجاء ان تدعم المسلمين السابقين في أمريكا الشمالية فهي المنظمة التي تستضيف وتدير هذا الموقع تبرع اليوم

الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد»

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<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]</span> (1126-1198) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, and he died in Marrakech, Morocco.  
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]</span> (1126-1198) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, and he died in Marrakech, Morocco.  


{{Quote||'''''The legal qualification (hukm) of this activity and the persons obliged to take part in it'''''<BR><BR>Scholars agree that the jihad is a collective not a personal obligation. Only 'Abd Allah Ibn al-Hasan professed it to be a recommendable act. According to the majority of scholars, the compulsory nature of the jihad is founded on [K 2:216] "''Fighting is prescribed for you, though it is distasteful to you.''"That this obligation is a collective and not a personal one, i.e., that the obligation, when it can be properly carried out by a limited number of individuals, is canceled for the remaining Moslems, is founded on [K 9:112]: "''It is not for the believers to march out all together,'' and, lastly, on the fact that the Prophet never went to battle without leaving some people behind. All this together implies that this activity is a collective obligation. The obligation to participate in the jihad applies to adult free men who have the means at their disposal to go to war and who are healthy, that is, not ill or suffering from chronic diseases. ...
{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/21739/397#p3 كتاب بداية المجتهد ونهاية المقتصد لإبن رشد]|َ؟ فَأَمَّا لِمَاذَا يُحَارَبُونَ فَاتَّفَقَ الْمُسْلِمُونَ عَلَى أَنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ بِالْمُحَارَبَةِ لِأَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، مَا عَدَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ مِنْ قُرَيْشٍ، وَنَصَارَى الْعَرَبِ - هُوَ أَحَدُ أَمْرَيْنِ: إِمَّا الدُّخُولُ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ، وَإِمَّا إِعْطَاءُ الْجِزْيَةِ؛ لِقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: {قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} [التوبة: ٢٩] .
<BR><BR>'''''The enemy'''''<BR><BR>Scholars agree that all polytheists should be fought. This is founded on [K 8:39]: "''Fight them until there is no persecution and the religion is entirely Allah's''." ...
<BR><BR>'''''The damage allowed to be inflicted upon the different categories of enemies'''''<BR><BR>Damage inflicted upon the enemy may consist in damage to his property, injury to his person or violation of his personal liberty, i.e., that he is made a slave and is appropriated. This may be done, according to the ''Consensus (idjma)'' to all polytheists: men, women, young and old, important and unimportant. Only with regard to monks do opinions vary; for some take it that they must be left in peace and that they must not be captured ...<BR>Most scholars are agreed that, in his dealings with captives, carious policies are open to the Imam. He may pardon them, kill them, or release them either on ransom or as ''dhimmi'', in which latter case the released captive is obliged to pay poll-tax." ...<BR>It is only allowed to slay the enemy on the condition that ''aman'' [safe conduct] has not been granted. There is no dissension about this among the Moslems. There is controversy, however, concerning who is entitled to grant ''aman''. Everyone is agreed that the Imam is entitled to this. ...<BR>As regards injury to the person, that is, the slaying of the enemy, the Moslems agree that in times of war, all adult, able bodied, unbelieving males may be slain. ...<BR> There is controversy about the question whether it is allowed to slay hermits who have retired from the world, the blind, the chronically ill and the insane, those who are old and unable to fight any longer, peasants, and serfs. ...
<BR><BR>'''''The prerequisites for warfare'''''<BR><BR>According to all scholars, the prerequisite for warfare is that the enemy must have heard the summons to Islam. This implies that it is not allowed to attack them before the summons has reached them. All Moslems are agreed about this because of [K 17:15]: "''We have not be accustomed to punish until We have sent a messenger.''" However, there is controversy about the question whether the summons should be repeated when the war is resumed. ...
<BR><BR>'''''The maximum number of enemies against which one is obliged to stand one's ground'''''<BR><BR>The maximum number of enemies against which one is obliged to stand one's group is twice the number [of one's won troops]. About this, everybody agrees on account of [K 8:66]: "Now Allah hath made it lighter for you and knoweth that there is weakness among you.''" ...
<BR><BR>'''''The aims of warfare'''''<BR><BR>The Moslems are agreed that the aim of warfare against the People of the Book, with the exception of those belonging to the Quraysh-tribe and Arab Christians, is twofold: either conversion to Islam, or payment of poll-tax (''djizyah''). This is based on [K 9:29]: "''Fight against those who do not believe in Allah nor in the last Day, and do not make forbidden what Allah and His messenger have made forbidden, and do not practice the religion of truth, of those who have been given the Book, until they pay the jizya off-hand, being subdued.''" Most lawyers likewise agree that poll-tax may also be collected from Zoroastrians on the strength of the words of the Prophet: "''Treat them like the People of the Book''." There is, however, controversy with regard to polytheists who are not People of the Book: is it allowed to accept poll-tax from them or not? ...<ref>Excerpted from ''Bidayat al-Mudjtahid'', in Rudolph Peters, ''Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam: The Chapters on Jihad from Averroes' Legal Handbook "Bidayat al-mudjtahid,''" trans. and annotated by Rudolph Peters (Leiden: Brill, 1977), pp. 9-25.</ref>}}


====Ibn Khaldun====
وَكَذَلِكَ اتَّفَقَ عَامَّةُ الْفُقَهَاءِ عَلَى أَخْذِهَا مِنَ الْمَجُوسِ؛ لِقَوْلِهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: «سُنُّوا بِهِمْ سُنَّةَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ» . وَاخْتَلَفُوا فِيمَا سِوَى أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ هَلْ تُقْبَلُ مِنْهُمُ الْجِزْيَةُ؟ أَمْ لَا؟ فَقَالَ قَوْمٌ: تُؤْخَذُ الْجِزْيَةُ مِنْ كُلِّ مُشْرِكٍ، وَبِهِ قَالَ مَالِكٌ. وَقَوْمٌ اسْتَثْنَوْا مِنْ ذَلِكَ مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ. وَقَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ وَأَبُو ثَوْرٍ وَجَمَاعَةٌ: لَا تُؤْخَذُ إِلَّا مِنْ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ وَالْمَجُوسِ.
 
وَالسَّبَبُ فِي اخْتِلَافِهِمْ مُعَارَضَةُ الْعُمُومِ لِلْخُصُوصِ؛ أَمَّا الْعُمُومُ فَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: {وَقَاتِلُوهُمْ حَتَّى لا تَكُونَ فِتْنَةٌ وَيَكُونَ الدِّينُ كُلُّهُ لِلَّهِ} [الأنفال: ٣٩] . وَقَوْلُهُ - عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ -: «أُمِرْتُ أَنْ أُقَاتِلَ النَّاسَ حَتَّى يَقُولُوا: لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا اللَّهُ. فَإِذَا قَالُوهَا عَصَمُوا مِنِّي دِمَاءَهُمْ وَأَمْوَالَهُمْ إِلَّا بِحَقِّهَا، وَحِسَابُهُمْ عَلَى اللَّهِ» .
 
وَأَمَّا الْخُصُوصُ فَقَوْلُهُ لِأُمَرَاءِ السَّرَايَا الَّذِينَ كَانَ يَبْعَثُهُمْ إِلَى مُشْرِكِي الْعَرَبِ - وَمَعْلُومٌ أَنَّهُمْ كَانُوا مِنْ غَيْرِ أَهْلِ كِتَابٍ -: «فَإِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكُ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى ثَلَاثِ خِصَالٍ، فَذَكَرَ الْجِزْيَةَ فِيهَا» ، وَقَدْ تَقَدَّمَ الْحَدِيثُ.
 
فَمَنْ رَأَى أَنَّ الْعُمُومَ إِذَا تَأَخَّرَ عَنِ الْخُصُوصِ فَهُوَ نَاسِخٌ لَهُ قَالَ: لَا تُقْبَلُ الْجِزْيَةُ مِنْ مُشْرِكٍ مَا عَدَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ ; لِأَنَّ الْآيَ الْآمِرَةَ بِقِتَالِهِمْ عَلَى الْعُمُومِ هِيَ مُتَأَخِّرَةٌ عَنْ ذَلِكَ الْحَدِيثِ، وَذَلِكَ أَنَّ الْأَمْرَ بِقِتَالِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ عَامَّةً هُوَ فِي سُورَةِ " بَرَاءَةٌ "، ذَلِكَ عَامَ الْفَتْحِ. وَذَلِكَ الْحَدِيثُ إِنَّمَا هُوَ قَبْلَ الْفَتْحِ، بِدَلِيلِ دُعَائِهِمْ فِيهِ لِلْهِجْرَةِ.
 
وَمَنْ رَأَى أَنَّ الْعُمُومَ يُبْنَى عَلَى الْخُصُوصِ تَقَدَّمَ أَوْ تَأَخَّرَ، أَوْ جَهِلَ التَّقَدُّمَ وَالتَّأَخُّرَ بَيْنَهُمَا - قَالَ: تُقْبَلُ الْجِزْيَةُ مِنْ جَمِيعِ الْمُشْرِكِينَ.}}
 
====ابن خالدون====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun]</span> (1332-1406) was a renowned Maliki jurist, Islamic lawyer, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, and hafiz.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun Ibn Khaldun]</span> (1332-1406) was a renowned Maliki jurist, Islamic lawyer, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, and hafiz.
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