الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: الكذب والخداع»

[مراجعة منقحة][مراجعة منقحة]
لا ملخص تعديل
سطر ١: سطر ١:
ي<big>عتبر الكذب بشكل عام خطيئة للمؤمنين من قبل فقهاء المسلمين ، لكن هذا ليس حكما شاملا. يسجل التقليد محمد كذب وكسر القسم في عدد من المناسبات عندما يخدم الغرض منه ، لا سيما عندما يتعلق الأمر بالحرب. وكان هذا غباءه للتكتيك حتى أن هناك حالتين من حديث صحيح يسجل قوله: "الحرب غش". بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، فقد تم تسجيل الله نفسه على أنه "أفضل المخادعين" ويقود من لا يوافق عليهم إلى النار. في الواقع ، وفقًا لعقيدة القدر ، فإن جميع أولئك الذين يذهبون إلى الجحيم قد خدعهم الله عمدًا في هذا الهلاك النهائي.</big>
ي<big>عتبر الكذب بشكل عام خطيئة للمؤمنين من قبل فقهاء المسلمين ، لكن هذا ليس حكما شاملا. يسجل التقليد محمد كذب وكسر القسم في عدد من المناسبات عندما يخدم الغرض منه ، لا سيما عندما يتعلق الأمر بالحرب. وكان هذا غباءه للتكتيك حتى أن هناك حالتين من حديث صحيح يسجل قوله: "الحرب غش". بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، فقد تم تسجيل الله نفسه على أنه "أفضل المخادعين" ويقود من لا يوافق عليهم إلى النار. في الواقع ، وفقًا لعقيدة القدر ، فإن جميع أولئك الذين يذهبون إلى الجحيم قد خدعهم الله عمدًا في هذا الهلاك النهائي.</big>


==Qur'an==
==القرآن==


===Allah===
===الله===


===="Best Deceiver"====
====الله هو خير الماكرين====


The Qur'an openly states many times that Allah is the "best deceiver", for more info on this idea see: [[Allah the Best Deceiver]].<nowiki></ref></nowiki>
The Qur'an openly states many times that Allah is the "best deceiver", for more info on this idea see: [[Allah the Best Deceiver]].<nowiki></ref></nowiki>
سطر ٥٩: سطر ٥٩:
The words "in some cases" of the above verse are not present in the original Arabic text. So this verse could even be giving Muslims a carte blanche to break oaths.
The words "in some cases" of the above verse are not present in the original Arabic text. So this verse could even be giving Muslims a carte blanche to break oaths.


===Taqiyya===
===التقية===


The following Qur'anic verses form the basis of the mainly Shi'ite doctrine of [[taqiyya]], although, as you will see in the section on Sunni scholars, some Sunnis have endorsed the practice as well. The idea behind taqiyya is that Muslim can lie about their faith to preserve their life and property in the face of religious oppression.  
The following Qur'anic verses form the basis of the mainly Shi'ite doctrine of [[taqiyya]], although, as you will see in the section on Sunni scholars, some Sunnis have endorsed the practice as well. The idea behind taqiyya is that Muslim can lie about their faith to preserve their life and property in the face of religious oppression.  
سطر ٦٧: سطر ٦٧:
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|106}}|Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- '''except under compulsion''', his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty..}}
{{Quote|{{Quran|16|106}}|Any one who, after accepting faith in Allah, utters Unbelief,- '''except under compulsion''', his heart remaining firm in Faith - but such as open their breast to Unbelief, on them is Wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a dreadful Penalty..}}


==Hadith==
==الحديث==


===Sahih Bukhari===
===صحيح البخاري===


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|662}}| Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches. On that '''Allah's Apostle said 'Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic'''.'}}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|7|71|662}}| Narrated Abdullah bin Umar: Two men came from the East and addressed the people who wondered at their eloquent speeches. On that '''Allah's Apostle said 'Some eloquent speech is as effective as magic'''.'}}
سطر ٩٨: سطر ٩٨:
Since determining what is "better" is a very subjective evaluation, one can break any agreement with anyone at any time they choose to do so just based on one's perception of what is "better".
Since determining what is "better" is a very subjective evaluation, one can break any agreement with anyone at any time they choose to do so just based on one's perception of what is "better".


====War is Deceit====
====الحرب خدعة====


{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|267}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Khosrau will be ruined, and there will be no Khosrau after him, and Caesar will surely be ruined and there will be no Caesar after him, and you will spend their treasures in Allah's Cause." He called, "'''War is deceit''''. }}
{{Quote|{{Bukhari|4|52|267}}|Narrated Abu Huraira: The Prophet said, "Khosrau will be ruined, and there will be no Khosrau after him, and Caesar will surely be ruined and there will be no Caesar after him, and you will spend their treasures in Allah's Cause." He called, "'''War is deceit''''. }}
سطر ١١٠: سطر ١١٠:
The Prophet said, "'''War is deceit'''."}}
The Prophet said, "'''War is deceit'''."}}


====Not Restricted to War====
====الخدعة ليست محدودة للحرب====


Muslims often claim lying in Islam is restricted to its use in war, but in the following hadiths, Muhammad permits a Muslim to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him.  
Muslims often claim lying in Islam is restricted to its use in war, but in the following hadiths, Muhammad permits a Muslim to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him.  
سطر ١٣٦: سطر ١٣٦:
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ عَنْ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ عَنْ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ عَنْ ذَكْوَانَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْبِكْرُ تُسْتَأْذَنُ قُلْتُ إِنَّ الْبِكْرَ تَسْتَحْيِي قَالَ إِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ إِنْ هَوِيَ رَجُلٌ جَارِيَةً يَتِيمَةً أَوْ بِكْرًا فَأَبَتْ فَاحْتَالَ فَجَاءَ بِشَاهِدَيْ زُورٍ عَلَى أَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْ فَرَضِيَتْ الْيَتِيمَةُ فَقَبِلَ الْقَاضِي شَهَادَةَ الزُّورِ وَالزَّوْجُ يَعْلَمُ بِبُطْلَانِ ذَلِكَ حَلَّ لَهُ الْوَطْءُ <BR><BR>“Abu Asem told us from Ibn Goreh, from the son of Abi Molaika, from Zokwan, from Aisha (May Allah be pleased with her) that: Allah’s apostle (PBUH) said that a virgin’s consent is taken. I said: "A virgin feels shy". He said, ”Her silence is her consent.” And some people said that if a man falls in love with an orphan odalisque or a virgin and she refuses him. Then, he does a trick by bringing two false witnesses that he married her and the orphan realized  it (the trick) and gave her consent and the judge acknowledged the false witnesses and the husband is aware of its falsehood, then is lawful for him to copulate with her.”<ref>The corresponding English narration ({{Bukhari|9|86|101}}) adds an extra clause "and then she attains the age of puberty", which we can see is not present in the Arabic version of the hadith and thus was most likely added by the translator Muhsin Khan himself.</ref>}}
حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عَاصِمٍ عَنْ ابْنِ جُرَيْجٍ عَنْ ابْنِ أَبِي مُلَيْكَةَ عَنْ ذَكْوَانَ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ الْبِكْرُ تُسْتَأْذَنُ قُلْتُ إِنَّ الْبِكْرَ تَسْتَحْيِي قَالَ إِذْنُهَا صُمَاتُهَا وَقَالَ بَعْضُ النَّاسِ إِنْ هَوِيَ رَجُلٌ جَارِيَةً يَتِيمَةً أَوْ بِكْرًا فَأَبَتْ فَاحْتَالَ فَجَاءَ بِشَاهِدَيْ زُورٍ عَلَى أَنَّهُ تَزَوَّجَهَا فَأَدْرَكَتْ فَرَضِيَتْ الْيَتِيمَةُ فَقَبِلَ الْقَاضِي شَهَادَةَ الزُّورِ وَالزَّوْجُ يَعْلَمُ بِبُطْلَانِ ذَلِكَ حَلَّ لَهُ الْوَطْءُ <BR><BR>“Abu Asem told us from Ibn Goreh, from the son of Abi Molaika, from Zokwan, from Aisha (May Allah be pleased with her) that: Allah’s apostle (PBUH) said that a virgin’s consent is taken. I said: "A virgin feels shy". He said, ”Her silence is her consent.” And some people said that if a man falls in love with an orphan odalisque or a virgin and she refuses him. Then, he does a trick by bringing two false witnesses that he married her and the orphan realized  it (the trick) and gave her consent and the judge acknowledged the false witnesses and the husband is aware of its falsehood, then is lawful for him to copulate with her.”<ref>The corresponding English narration ({{Bukhari|9|86|101}}) adds an extra clause "and then she attains the age of puberty", which we can see is not present in the Arabic version of the hadith and thus was most likely added by the translator Muhsin Khan himself.</ref>}}


===Sahih Muslim===
===صحيح مسلم===


{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}}
{{Quote|<!-- http://searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=the+words+of+the+husband+to+his+wife&translator=2&search=1&book=&start http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchtruth.com%2FsearchHadith.php%3Fkeyword%3Dthe%2Bwords%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bhusband%2Bto%2Bhis%2Bwife%26translator%3D2%26search%3D1%26book%3D%26start&date=2012-02-25 -->{{Muslim|32|6303}}|Humaid b. 'Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf reported that his mother Umm Kulthum daughter of 'Uqba b. Abu Mu'ait, and she was one amongst the first emigrants who pledged allegiance to Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him), as saying that she heard Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: '''A liar is not one who tries to bring reconciliation amongst people and speaks good (in order to avert dispute), or he conveys good'''. Ibn Shihab said he did not hear that exemption was granted in anything what the people speak as lie but in three cases: '''in battle, for bringing reconciliation amongst persons and the narration of the words of the husband to his wife, and the narration of the words of a wife to her husband''' (in a twisted form in order to bring reconciliation between them).}}
سطر ١٦٦: سطر ١٦٦:
Abd al-Rahman b. Samura reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to me: Abd al-Rahman b. Samura, don't ask for authority for if it is granted to you for asking for it, you would be commissioned for it (without having the support of Allah), but if you are granted it without your asking for it. You would be helped (by Allah) in it. '''And when you take an oath and find something else better than that, expiate for (breaking) your oath, and do that which is better. This hadith has also been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Farrukh.'''}}
Abd al-Rahman b. Samura reported that Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) said to me: Abd al-Rahman b. Samura, don't ask for authority for if it is granted to you for asking for it, you would be commissioned for it (without having the support of Allah), but if you are granted it without your asking for it. You would be helped (by Allah) in it. '''And when you take an oath and find something else better than that, expiate for (breaking) your oath, and do that which is better. This hadith has also been transmitted on the authority of Ibn Farrukh.'''}}


====Not Restricted to War====
====ليس فقط في الحرب====


In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find a narration in Sahih Muslim concerning Muhammad permitting a Muslim to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him.
In addition to Sahih Bukhari, we find a narration in Sahih Muslim concerning Muhammad permitting a Muslim to lie in order to kill Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, a Jewish poet who wrote an anti-Muslim poem which offended him.
سطر ١٧٢: سطر ١٧٢:
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4436}}|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who will kill Ka'b b. Ashraf? He has maligned Allah, the Exalted, and His Messenger. Muhammad b. Maslama said: Messenger of Allah, do you wish that I should kill him? He said: Yes. He said: '''Permit me to talk (to him in the way I deem fit). He said: Talk (as you like)'''. So, Muhammad b. Maslama came to Ka'b and talked to him, referred to the old friendship between them and said: This man (i. e. the Holy Prophet) has made up his mind to collect charity (from us) and this has put us to a great hardship. When be heard this, Ka'b said: By God, you will be put to more trouble by him. Muhammad b. Maslama said: No doubt, now we have become his followers and we do not like to forsake him until we see what turn his affairs will take. I want that you should give me a loan. He said: What will you mortgage? He said: What do you want? He said: Pledge me your women. He said: You are the most handsome of the Arabs; should we pledge our women to you? He said: Pledge me your children. He said: The son of one of us may abuse us saying that he was pledged for two wasqs of dates, but we can pledge you (cur) weapons. He said: All right. Then Muhammad b. Maslama promised that he would come to him with Harith, Abu 'Abs b. Jabr and Abbad b. Bishr. So they came and called upon him at night. He came down to them. Sufyan says that all the narrators except 'Amr have stated that his wife said: I hear a voice which sounds like the voice of murder. He said: It is only Muhammad b. Maslama and his foster-brother, Abu Na'ila. When a gentleman is called at night even it to be pierced with a spear, he should respond to the call. Muhammad said to his companions: As he comes down, I will extend my hands towards his head and when I hold him fast, you should do your job. So when he came down and he was holding his cloak under his arm, they said to him: '''We sense from you a very fine smell. He said: Yes, I have with me a mistress who is the most scented of the women of Arabia. He said: Allow me to smell (the scent on your head). He said: Yes, you may smell. So he caught it and smelt. Then he said: Allow me to do so (once again). He then held his head fast and said to his companions: Do your job. And they killed him'''.}}
{{Quote|{{Muslim|19|4436}}|It has been narrated on the authority of Jabir that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Who will kill Ka'b b. Ashraf? He has maligned Allah, the Exalted, and His Messenger. Muhammad b. Maslama said: Messenger of Allah, do you wish that I should kill him? He said: Yes. He said: '''Permit me to talk (to him in the way I deem fit). He said: Talk (as you like)'''. So, Muhammad b. Maslama came to Ka'b and talked to him, referred to the old friendship between them and said: This man (i. e. the Holy Prophet) has made up his mind to collect charity (from us) and this has put us to a great hardship. When be heard this, Ka'b said: By God, you will be put to more trouble by him. Muhammad b. Maslama said: No doubt, now we have become his followers and we do not like to forsake him until we see what turn his affairs will take. I want that you should give me a loan. He said: What will you mortgage? He said: What do you want? He said: Pledge me your women. He said: You are the most handsome of the Arabs; should we pledge our women to you? He said: Pledge me your children. He said: The son of one of us may abuse us saying that he was pledged for two wasqs of dates, but we can pledge you (cur) weapons. He said: All right. Then Muhammad b. Maslama promised that he would come to him with Harith, Abu 'Abs b. Jabr and Abbad b. Bishr. So they came and called upon him at night. He came down to them. Sufyan says that all the narrators except 'Amr have stated that his wife said: I hear a voice which sounds like the voice of murder. He said: It is only Muhammad b. Maslama and his foster-brother, Abu Na'ila. When a gentleman is called at night even it to be pierced with a spear, he should respond to the call. Muhammad said to his companions: As he comes down, I will extend my hands towards his head and when I hold him fast, you should do your job. So when he came down and he was holding his cloak under his arm, they said to him: '''We sense from you a very fine smell. He said: Yes, I have with me a mistress who is the most scented of the women of Arabia. He said: Allow me to smell (the scent on your head). He said: Yes, you may smell. So he caught it and smelt. Then he said: Allow me to do so (once again). He then held his head fast and said to his companions: Do your job. And they killed him'''.}}


===Ibn Majah===
===إبن ماجه===


====Cover Up Sins====
====Cover Up Sins====
سطر ١٧٨: سطر ١٧٨:
{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|20|3|20|2544}}|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “Whoever '''covers (the sin of) a Muslim''', Allah will cover him (his sin) in this world and in the Hereafter.” (Sahih)}}
{{Quote|{{Ibn Majah|20|3|20|2544}}|It was narrated from Abu Hurairah that the Messenger of Allah said: “Whoever '''covers (the sin of) a Muslim''', Allah will cover him (his sin) in this world and in the Hereafter.” (Sahih)}}


===Abu Dawud===
===أبو داود===


====War is Deceit====
====War is Deceit====
سطر ١٨٥: سطر ١٨٥:
When the Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: '''War is deception'''.}}
When the Prophet (peace be upon him) intended to go on an expedition, he always pretended to be going somewhere else, and he would say: '''War is deception'''.}}


==Sira==
==السيرة النبوية==


===Ibn Ishaq===
===ابن إسحاق===


{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|pages=368-369}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=57}}|Ka’b’s body was left prostrate [humbled in submission]. After his fall, all of the Nadir Jews were brought low. Sword in hand we cut him down. '''By Muhammad’s order''' we were sent secretly by night. Brother killing brother. '''We lured him to his death with guile.''' Traveling by night, bold as lions, we went into his home. We made him taste death with our deadly swords. We sought victory for the religion of the Prophet.}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The Life of Muhammad|trans_title=Sirat Rasul Allah|ISBN=0-19-636033-1|year=1955|publisher=Oxford UP|author1=Ibn Ishaq (d. 768)|author2=Ibn Hisham (d. 833)|editor=A. Guillaume|url=https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad/page/n1/mode/2up|pages=368-369}}<BR>{{citation|title=سيرة ابن هشام ت السقا|author1=ابن إسحاق|author2=ابن هشام|url=https://app.turath.io/book/23833|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2|page=57}}|Ka’b’s body was left prostrate [humbled in submission]. After his fall, all of the Nadir Jews were brought low. Sword in hand we cut him down. '''By Muhammad’s order''' we were sent secretly by night. Brother killing brother. '''We lured him to his death with guile.''' Traveling by night, bold as lions, we went into his home. We made him taste death with our deadly swords. We sought victory for the religion of the Prophet.}}
سطر ٢٣٧: سطر ٢٣٧:
Their palms and houses were abandoned. }}
Their palms and houses were abandoned. }}


===Al Tabari===
===الطبري===


{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=85}}<BR>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2 |page=179}}
{{Quote|{{citation|title=The History of al-Tabari|trans_title=Ta’rikh al-rusul wa’l-muluk|volume=vol. VII|ISBN=0-88706-344-6|year=1987|publisher=SUNY Press|author=al-Tabari (d. 923)|editor1=W. Montgomery Watt|editor2=M. V. McDonald|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryAlTabari40Vol/History_Al-Tabari_10_Vol/page/n1805/mode/2up|page=85}}<BR>{{citation|title=تاريخ الرسل والملوك|author=أبو جعفر الطبري|url=https://app.turath.io/book/9783|publisher=al-Maktabah al-Shamilah|volume=vol.2 |page=179}}
سطر ٢٥٠: سطر ٢٥٠:
|After due praise and exaltation of God, he addressed them saying: "O community of Ansar, what is this talk I hear about you? [What is] the grudge you have harbored in your hearts [against me]? Did I not come to you when you were erring and God guided you; [were you not] needy and then made rich by God; [were you not] enemies and [did not] God reconcile your hearts?" They answered, "Yes indeed, God and His Messenger are gracious and kind." He said, "Why do you not answer me (directly), O Ansar?" They said,  "What shall we answer. You, O Messenger of God? Kindness and graciousness belong to God and His Messenger." He said: "Now then, by God, had you wished you could have said-and you would have spoken the truth and have been accepted as truthful-'You came to us (when your message] was rejected [by the Quraysh] and we believed in you; [you were] forsaken and we assisted you; [you were] evicted and we sheltered you; [you were]  needy and we comforted you.}}
|After due praise and exaltation of God, he addressed them saying: "O community of Ansar, what is this talk I hear about you? [What is] the grudge you have harbored in your hearts [against me]? Did I not come to you when you were erring and God guided you; [were you not] needy and then made rich by God; [were you not] enemies and [did not] God reconcile your hearts?" They answered, "Yes indeed, God and His Messenger are gracious and kind." He said, "Why do you not answer me (directly), O Ansar?" They said,  "What shall we answer. You, O Messenger of God? Kindness and graciousness belong to God and His Messenger." He said: "Now then, by God, had you wished you could have said-and you would have spoken the truth and have been accepted as truthful-'You came to us (when your message] was rejected [by the Quraysh] and we believed in you; [you were] forsaken and we assisted you; [you were] evicted and we sheltered you; [you were]  needy and we comforted you.}}


==Scholars==
==العلماء==


===Classical===
===العلماء الكلاسيكيون===


All quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.
All quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.


====Fiqh====
====الفقه====


{{Quote|1=[http://www.shafiifiqh.com/maktabah/relianceoftraveller.pdf Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller (p. 745, r8.2)|2=Imam Abu Hammid Ghazali says: "Speaking is a means to achieve objectives. If a praiseworthy aim is attainable through both telling the truth and lying, it is unlawful to accomplish through lying because there is no need for it. When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, '''it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible''' (N:i.e. when the purpose of lying is to circumvent someone who is preventing one from doing something permissible), '''and obligatory to lie if the goal is obligatory'''... it is religiously precautionary in all cases to employ words that give a misleading impression..."}}
{{Quote|1=[http://www.shafiifiqh.com/maktabah/relianceoftraveller.pdf Reliance of the Traveller: A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law]<BR>Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Edited and Translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller (p. 745, r8.2)|2=Imam Abu Hammid Ghazali says: "Speaking is a means to achieve objectives. If a praiseworthy aim is attainable through both telling the truth and lying, it is unlawful to accomplish through lying because there is no need for it. When it is possible to achieve such an aim by lying but not by telling the truth, '''it is permissible to lie if attaining the goal is permissible''' (N:i.e. when the purpose of lying is to circumvent someone who is preventing one from doing something permissible), '''and obligatory to lie if the goal is obligatory'''... it is religiously precautionary in all cases to employ words that give a misleading impression..."}}
سطر ٢٦٢: سطر ٢٦٢:
{{Quote|1=[http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Chapter "Al Dheema"]<BR>Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, Usul al-Shashi (p. 114)|2='''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress''' and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.}}
{{Quote|1=[http://attahawi.com/2009/12/02/usul-al-shashi-by-imam-nizam-al-din-al-shashi-edited-by-shaykh-muhammad-akram-al-nadwi/ Chapter "Al Dheema"]<BR>Nizam al-Din al-Shashi, Usul al-Shashi (p. 114)|2='''It is permissible to swear at Rasulullah when one is under duress''' and to recite the Kalima of Kufr in the fear of losing property or of getting murdered provided that the heart is at comfort.}}


====Tafsir====
====التفسير====


{{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=2808 Jami' al-Bayan 'an ta'wil ayi'l-Qur'an al-Ma'ruf: Tafsir at-Tabari]<BR>Abu Ja'far Muhammad at-Tabari, Beirut: Dar Ihya' at-Turath al-'Arabi, 2001 (vol. 3, p. 267)|2=If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, '''behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them'''. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them.}}
{{Quote|1=[http://kitaabun.com/shopping3/product_info.php?products_id=2808 Jami' al-Bayan 'an ta'wil ayi'l-Qur'an al-Ma'ruf: Tafsir at-Tabari]<BR>Abu Ja'far Muhammad at-Tabari, Beirut: Dar Ihya' at-Turath al-'Arabi, 2001 (vol. 3, p. 267)|2=If you [Muslims] are under their [infidels'] authority, fearing for yourselves, '''behave loyally to them, with your tongue, while harboring inner animosity for them'''. … Allah has forbidden believers from being friendly or on intimate terms with the infidels in place of believers — except when infidels are above them [in authority]. In such a scenario, let them act friendly towards them.}}
سطر ٢٧٦: سطر ٢٧٦:
{{Quote|1=[http://www.fadakbooks.com/taal4.html Tafsir Ma'alim at-Tanzeel]<BR>Husain bin Masood al-Baghawi, published in Bombay (vol. 2, P. 214)|2=All scholars of the Muslim Ummah agree on the fact that at times when one is forced, one can denounce Islam.}}
{{Quote|1=[http://www.fadakbooks.com/taal4.html Tafsir Ma'alim at-Tanzeel]<BR>Husain bin Masood al-Baghawi, published in Bombay (vol. 2, P. 214)|2=All scholars of the Muslim Ummah agree on the fact that at times when one is forced, one can denounce Islam.}}


===Modern===
===العلماء الحدثاء===


Again, all quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.
Again, all quotations are taken from authoritative Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.


====Fatwas====
====الفتاوى====


{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://amjaonline.com/00en_f1_details.php?fid=937|2=2013-04-13}} Lying for repulsing evil]<BR>Dr. Salah Al-Sawy, AMJA Online, Question ID: 937, November 17, 2005|2='''Question:'''
{{Quote|1=[{{Reference archive|1=http://amjaonline.com/00en_f1_details.php?fid=937|2=2013-04-13}} Lying for repulsing evil]<BR>Dr. Salah Al-Sawy, AMJA Online, Question ID: 937, November 17, 2005|2='''Question:'''
سطر ٣٨٨: سطر ٣٨٨:
4 - one does not swear to the half-truth in the name of Allah [Ibn Muflih, al-Adab al-Shar`iyyah]}}
4 - one does not swear to the half-truth in the name of Allah [Ibn Muflih, al-Adab al-Shar`iyyah]}}


====Tafsir====
====التفسير====


{{Quote|1=[http://islamicstudies.info/maarif/surah3.htm Surah Al-Imran 3:28-30]<BR>Muhammad Shafi Usmani, Maarif ul Quran (p. 57)|2=..the purpose is to stay safe from any possible harm coming through them. The words (“unless you have a fear of them”) appearing in this verse means that…friendship with disbelievers is not permissible '''except''' when you are in a situation where you want to defend yourself against them.}}
{{Quote|1=[http://islamicstudies.info/maarif/surah3.htm Surah Al-Imran 3:28-30]<BR>Muhammad Shafi Usmani, Maarif ul Quran (p. 57)|2=..the purpose is to stay safe from any possible harm coming through them. The words (“unless you have a fear of them”) appearing in this verse means that…friendship with disbelievers is not permissible '''except''' when you are in a situation where you want to defend yourself against them.}}
سطر ٤٠٢: سطر ٤٠٢:
One should not be overwhelmed by the fear of other human beings to the extent of losing the fear of God. Human beings can harm a man but the most they can do is to ruin his transient, earthly life. God, on the other hand, can subject him to everlasting torment. If one is constrained in extraordinary circumstances to resort to a prudent '''concealment of faith (taqiyah)''' in order to save one's life, this concealment should remain within reasonable limits. The most one is permitted to do is to protect one's life and property without jeopardizing either the interests of Islam or of the Muslim community as a whole, and without causing loss of life and property to other Muslims. One must never allow saving one's own life to lead to the propagation of unbelief at the expense of Islam and to the dominance of unbelievers over Muslims. Here the believers are warned that, no matter how dangerous the circumstances surrounding them, they cannot escape God's reproach if they give substantial aid to those rebelling against Him, and cause any harm to God's chosen religion, to the community of believers or to any individual believer. For, it is to God that one will ultimately return for reckoning.}}
One should not be overwhelmed by the fear of other human beings to the extent of losing the fear of God. Human beings can harm a man but the most they can do is to ruin his transient, earthly life. God, on the other hand, can subject him to everlasting torment. If one is constrained in extraordinary circumstances to resort to a prudent '''concealment of faith (taqiyah)''' in order to save one's life, this concealment should remain within reasonable limits. The most one is permitted to do is to protect one's life and property without jeopardizing either the interests of Islam or of the Muslim community as a whole, and without causing loss of life and property to other Muslims. One must never allow saving one's own life to lead to the propagation of unbelief at the expense of Islam and to the dominance of unbelievers over Muslims. Here the believers are warned that, no matter how dangerous the circumstances surrounding them, they cannot escape God's reproach if they give substantial aid to those rebelling against Him, and cause any harm to God's chosen religion, to the community of believers or to any individual believer. For, it is to God that one will ultimately return for reckoning.}}


==Miscellaneous==
==المتفرقات==


All quotations are taken from respected Sunni (i.e. orthodox Islamic) sources, none are taken from Shi'ite sources.
<br />


{{Quote|1=Muhammad bin Aqeel Shaafiyee, al-Nasa'ih al-Kaafiyah (p. 109), Bombay edition|2=I say our scholars agree on the fact that when needed, '''telling a lie is allowed, and this is Taqiyyah'''. But if we name this Taqiyyah, a lot of the scholars raise an objection, since Shi'as use this term. So '''the difference between Shi'a and Sunni is only the word difference'''.}}
{{Quote|1=Muhammad bin Aqeel Shaafiyee, al-Nasa'ih al-Kaafiyah (p. 109), Bombay edition|2=I say our scholars agree on the fact that when needed, '''telling a lie is allowed, and this is Taqiyyah'''. But if we name this Taqiyyah, a lot of the scholars raise an objection, since Shi'as use this term. So '''the difference between Shi'a and Sunni is only the word difference'''.}}
سطر ٤٢٤: سطر ٤٢٤:
*[http://answering-islam.org/Index/L/lying.html Lying] and [http://answering-islam.org/Index/T/taqiyya.html Taqiyya] ''- Answering Islam''
*[http://answering-islam.org/Index/L/lying.html Lying] and [http://answering-islam.org/Index/T/taqiyya.html Taqiyya] ''- Answering Islam''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Taqiyya_and_Islam_s_rules_of_war.pdf|2=2013-06-09}} How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War Defeating Jihadist Terrorism] ''- Raymond Ibrahim, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2010, pp. 3-13''
*[{{Reference archive|1=http://tool.donation-net.net/Images/Email/1097/Taqiyya_and_Islam_s_rules_of_war.pdf|2=2013-06-09}} How Taqiyya Alters Islam's Rules of War Defeating Jihadist Terrorism] ''- Raymond Ibrahim, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2010, pp. 3-13''
<references />
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