إذا تحب ويكي إسلام فيمكنك التبرع هنا الرجاء ان تدعم المسلمين السابقين في أمريكا الشمالية فهي المنظمة التي تستضيف وتدير هذا الموقع تبرع اليوم

الفرق بين المراجعتين لصفحة: «القرآن والحديث والعلماء: العلماء على الجهاد»

اذهب إلى التنقل اذهب إلى البحث
لا يوجد ملخص تحرير
[مراجعة منقحة][مراجعة منقحة]
لا ملخص تعديل
 
(١٣ مراجعة متوسطة بواسطة مستخدمين اثنين آخرين غير معروضة)
سطر ٢: سطر ٢:
كان الجهاد موضع اهتمام دائم لعلماء المسلمين على مر العصور ، وقد أمضى علماء المسلمين وقتًا طويلاً في الكتابة عن كيف ومتى وأين ولماذا وبأي شكل يمكن القيام بالجهاد.
كان الجهاد موضع اهتمام دائم لعلماء المسلمين على مر العصور ، وقد أمضى علماء المسلمين وقتًا طويلاً في الكتابة عن كيف ومتى وأين ولماذا وبأي شكل يمكن القيام بالجهاد.


==Sunni==
==سني==


===Hanafi===
===حنفي===




====محمد الشيباني====
====محمد الشيباني====


كان أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني واحدا من تلاميذ أبو حنيفة مؤسس المذهب الخنيفي وكما ذلك كان فقيها كبيرا مشهورا
كان أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني واحدا من تلاميذ أبو حنيفة مؤسس المذهب الخنيفي كما كان فقيها مشهورا


{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/7231 السير  لأبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني]| قلت أَرَأَيْت الرجل من أهل الْبَغي يقتل أَبَاهُ أَو جده فِي الْحَرْب هَل يَرِثهُ قَالَ نعم لِأَنَّهُ قَتله على تَأْوِيل وَهَذَا قَول أبي حنيفَة وَمُحَمّد بن الْحسن وَقَالَ أَبُو يُوسُف لَا يَرث قلت أفتكره للرجل من أهل الْعدْل أَن يقتل أَبَاهُ أَو أَخَاهُ من أهل الْبَغي قَالَ نعم ويلي ذَلِك غَيره أحب الي قلت وَكَذَلِكَ لَو كَانَ أَبوهُ من أهل الشّرك فِي الْحَرْب قَالَ نعم قلت أفتكره لَهُ قتل الْأَخ وَالْعم وَالْخَال إِذا كَانُوا مُشْرِكين قَالَ لَا بَأْس بذلك
{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/7231 السير  لأبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني]| قلت أَرَأَيْت الرجل من أهل الْبَغي يقتل أَبَاهُ أَو جده فِي الْحَرْب هَل يَرِثهُ قَالَ نعم لِأَنَّهُ قَتله على تَأْوِيل وَهَذَا قَول أبي حنيفَة وَمُحَمّد بن الْحسن وَقَالَ أَبُو يُوسُف لَا يَرث قلت أفتكره للرجل من أهل الْعدْل أَن يقتل أَبَاهُ أَو أَخَاهُ من أهل الْبَغي قَالَ نعم ويلي ذَلِك غَيره أحب الي قلت وَكَذَلِكَ لَو كَانَ أَبوهُ من أهل الشّرك فِي الْحَرْب قَالَ نعم قلت أفتكره لَهُ قتل الْأَخ وَالْعم وَالْخَال إِذا كَانُوا مُشْرِكين قَالَ لَا بَأْس بذلك
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====السيوطي====
====السيوطي====


السيوطي من أبرز واشهر الفقهاء والعلماء الشافعين.
السيوطي من أبرز وأشهر الفقهاء والعلماء الشافعين.


{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/12884/2984#p1  الدر المنثور لجلال الدين السيوطي]
{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/12884/2984#p1  الدر المنثور لجلال الدين السيوطي]
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====ابن قدامة====
====ابن قدامة====


كان ابن قدامة عالما إسلاميا مشهورا من المذهب الحنبالي وقد كتب الكثير من الكتب على الفقه والعقيدة الحنبالية ومن بينها المغني وهو ابرز كتاب فقهي حنبالي.
كان ابن قدامة عالما إسلاميا مشهورا من المذهب الحنبالي وقد كتب الكثير من الكتب عن الفقه والعقيدة الحنبالية ومن بينها المغني وهو ابرز كتاب فقه حنبالي.


{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/8463/4113#p5 المغني لابن قدامة] |وَقَالَ عَنْهُ غَيْرُهُ: لَيْسَ يَعْدِلُ لِقَاءَ الْعَدُوِّ شَيْءٌ. وَمُبَاشَرَةُ الْقِتَالِ بِنَفْسِهِ أَفْضَلُ الْأَعْمَالِ، وَاَلَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَ الْعَدُوَّ، هُمْ الَّذِينَ يَدْفَعُونَ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَعَنْ حَرِيمِهِمْ، فَأَيُّ عَمَلٍ أَفْضَلُ مِنْهُ، النَّاسُ آمِنُونَ وَهُمْ خَائِفُونَ، قَدْ بَذَلُوا مُهَجَ أَنْفُسِهِمْ. وَقَدْ رَوَى ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ: «سَأَلْت رَسُولَ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: أَيُّ الْأَعْمَالِ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: الصَّلَاةُ لِمَوَاقِيتِهَا. قُلْت: ثُمَّ أَيُّ؟ قَالَ ثُمَّ بِرُّ الْوَالِدَيْنِ. قُلْت ثُمَّ أَيُّ؟ قَالَ: الْجِهَادُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ.» قَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ.
{{Quote|[https://shamela.ws/book/8463/4113#p5 المغني لابن قدامة] |وَقَالَ عَنْهُ غَيْرُهُ: لَيْسَ يَعْدِلُ لِقَاءَ الْعَدُوِّ شَيْءٌ. وَمُبَاشَرَةُ الْقِتَالِ بِنَفْسِهِ أَفْضَلُ الْأَعْمَالِ، وَاَلَّذِينَ يُقَاتِلُونَ الْعَدُوَّ، هُمْ الَّذِينَ يَدْفَعُونَ عَنْ الْإِسْلَامِ وَعَنْ حَرِيمِهِمْ، فَأَيُّ عَمَلٍ أَفْضَلُ مِنْهُ، النَّاسُ آمِنُونَ وَهُمْ خَائِفُونَ، قَدْ بَذَلُوا مُهَجَ أَنْفُسِهِمْ. وَقَدْ رَوَى ابْنُ مَسْعُودٍ، قَالَ: «سَأَلْت رَسُولَ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: أَيُّ الْأَعْمَالِ أَفْضَلُ؟ قَالَ: الصَّلَاةُ لِمَوَاقِيتِهَا. قُلْت: ثُمَّ أَيُّ؟ قَالَ ثُمَّ بِرُّ الْوَالِدَيْنِ. قُلْت ثُمَّ أَيُّ؟ قَالَ: الْجِهَادُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ.» قَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ.
سطر ٥٧: سطر ٥٧:
وَعَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - قَالَ: «أَلَا أُخْبِرُكُمْ بِخَيْرِ النَّاسِ؟ رَجُلٌ مُمْسِكٌ بِعِنَانِ فَرَسِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ.» قَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ. وَرَوَى الْخَلَّالُ، بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ الْحَسَنِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: «وَاَلَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، مَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ مِنْ عَمَلٍ أَفْضَلَ مِنْ جِهَادٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، أَوْ حَجَّةٍ مَبْرُورَةٍ، لَا رَفَثَ فِيهَا وَلَا فُسُوقَ وَلَا جِدَالَ.» وَلِأَنَّ الْجِهَادَ بَذْلُ الْمُهْجَةِ وَالْمَالِ، وَنَفْعُهُ يَعُمُّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ كُلَّهُمْ، صَغِيرَهُمْ وَكَبِيرَهُمْ، قَوِيَّهُمْ وَضَعِيفَهُمْ، ذَكَرَهُمْ وَأُنْثَاهُمْ، وَغَيْرُهُ لَا يُسَاوِيه فِي نَفْعِهِ وَخَطَرِهِ، فَلَا يُسَاوِيه فِي فَضْلِهِ وَأَجْرِهِ.}}
وَعَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ، أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - قَالَ: «أَلَا أُخْبِرُكُمْ بِخَيْرِ النَّاسِ؟ رَجُلٌ مُمْسِكٌ بِعِنَانِ فَرَسِهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ.» قَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ. وَرَوَى الْخَلَّالُ، بِإِسْنَادِهِ عَنْ الْحَسَنِ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: «وَاَلَّذِي نَفْسِي بِيَدِهِ، مَا بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَالْأَرْضِ مِنْ عَمَلٍ أَفْضَلَ مِنْ جِهَادٍ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، أَوْ حَجَّةٍ مَبْرُورَةٍ، لَا رَفَثَ فِيهَا وَلَا فُسُوقَ وَلَا جِدَالَ.» وَلِأَنَّ الْجِهَادَ بَذْلُ الْمُهْجَةِ وَالْمَالِ، وَنَفْعُهُ يَعُمُّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ كُلَّهُمْ، صَغِيرَهُمْ وَكَبِيرَهُمْ، قَوِيَّهُمْ وَضَعِيفَهُمْ، ذَكَرَهُمْ وَأُنْثَاهُمْ، وَغَيْرُهُ لَا يُسَاوِيه فِي نَفْعِهِ وَخَطَرِهِ، فَلَا يُسَاوِيه فِي فَضْلِهِ وَأَجْرِهِ.}}


====Ibn Taymiyyah====
====إبن تيمية====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymiyyah Ibn Taymiyyah]</span> (1263-1328) was a famous Islamic scholar, theologian and logician born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey. As a member of the school founded by Ibn Hanbal, he sought the return of Islam to its sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taymiyyah Ibn Taymiyyah]</span> (1263-1328) was a famous Islamic scholar, theologian and logician born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey. As a member of the school founded by Ibn Hanbal, he sought the return of Islam to its sources, the Qur'an and the Sunnah.
سطر ٧٩: سطر ٧٩:
[المائدة: ٥٤]، وقال سبحانه وتعالى: {ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ لَا يُصِيبُهُمْ ظَمَأٌ وَلَا نَصَبٌ وَلَا مَخْمَصَةٌ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَلَا يَطَئُونَ مَوْطِئًا يَغِيظُ الْكُفَّارَ وَلَا يَنَالُونَ مِنْ عَدُوٍّ نَيْلًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُمْ بِهِ عَمَلٌ صَالِحٌ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُضِيعُ أَجْرَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ (١٢٠) وَلَا يُنْفِقُونَ نَفَقَةً صَغِيرَةً وَلَا كَبِيرَةً وَلَا يَقْطَعُونَ وَادِيًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُمْ لِيَجْزِيَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ} [التوبة: ١٢٠ - ١٢١].}}
[المائدة: ٥٤]، وقال سبحانه وتعالى: {ذَلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ لَا يُصِيبُهُمْ ظَمَأٌ وَلَا نَصَبٌ وَلَا مَخْمَصَةٌ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَلَا يَطَئُونَ مَوْطِئًا يَغِيظُ الْكُفَّارَ وَلَا يَنَالُونَ مِنْ عَدُوٍّ نَيْلًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُمْ بِهِ عَمَلٌ صَالِحٌ إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُضِيعُ أَجْرَ الْمُحْسِنِينَ (١٢٠) وَلَا يُنْفِقُونَ نَفَقَةً صَغِيرَةً وَلَا كَبِيرَةً وَلَا يَقْطَعُونَ وَادِيًا إِلَّا كُتِبَ لَهُمْ لِيَجْزِيَهُمُ اللَّهُ أَحْسَنَ مَا كَانُوا يَعْمَلُونَ} [التوبة: ١٢٠ - ١٢١].}}


====Ibn Qayyim====
====إبن قيم====


[[w:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya |Ibn al-Qayyim]] (1292-1350) was a famous Sunni Islamic jurist, commentator on the Qur'an, astronomer, chemist, philosopher, psychologist, scientist and theologian. Ibn al-Qaayim's scholarship focused on the sciences of Hadith and Fiqh.
[[w:Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya |Ibn al-Qayyim]] (1292-1350) was a famous Sunni Islamic jurist, commentator on the Qur'an, astronomer, chemist, philosopher, psychologist, scientist and theologian. Ibn al-Qaayim's scholarship focused on the sciences of Hadith and Fiqh.
سطر ٩١: سطر ٩١:
وأما الجهاد بالنفس ففرض كفاية، وأما الجهاد بالمال ففي وجوبه قولان، والصحيح وجوبه لأن الأمر بالجهاد به وبالنفس في القرآن سواء، كما قال تعالى: {انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا وَجَاهِدُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ} [التوبة: ٤١].}}
وأما الجهاد بالنفس ففرض كفاية، وأما الجهاد بالمال ففي وجوبه قولان، والصحيح وجوبه لأن الأمر بالجهاد به وبالنفس في القرآن سواء، كما قال تعالى: {انْفِرُوا خِفَافًا وَثِقَالًا وَجَاهِدُوا بِأَمْوَالِكُمْ وَأَنْفُسِكُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ ذَلِكُمْ خَيْرٌ لَكُمْ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْلَمُونَ} [التوبة: ٤١].}}


===Maliki===
===مالكي===


====Ibn Rushd (Averroes)====
====إبن رشد====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]</span> (1126-1198) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, and he died in Marrakech, Morocco.  
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroes Ibn Rushd (Averroes)]</span> (1126-1198) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath; a master of Islamic philosophy, Islamic theology, Maliki law and jurisprudence. He was born in Cordoba, Spain, and he died in Marrakech, Morocco.  
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====Ibn Abi Zayd====
====إبن أبي زيد====


[[W:Ibn Abi Zayd|Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani]] (922–996) was a Maliki scholar from Al-Qayrawan in Tunisia.
[[W:Ibn Abi Zayd|Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani]] (922–996) was a Maliki scholar from Al-Qayrawan in Tunisia.
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===Shafi'i===
===شافعي===


====Al-Shafi'i====
====الشافعي====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shafi'i]</span> (767-820) is considered by Muslims to be the greatest Imam from among the Four Imams of Fiqh, in terms of his vast knowledge and authority. The Shafi'i school of fiqh is named after him, and being considered the founder of Islamic jurisprudence, he has been give the honorific title "Father of Usul Al-Fiqh".
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shafi'i]</span> (767-820) is considered by Muslims to be the greatest Imam from among the Four Imams of Fiqh, in terms of his vast knowledge and authority. The Shafi'i school of fiqh is named after him, and being considered the founder of Islamic jurisprudence, he has been give the honorific title "Father of Usul Al-Fiqh".
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====Al-Mawardi====
====الماوردي====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi Al-Mawardi]</span> (d. 1058) was an Arab Shafi'i jurist, and his works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Mawardi Al-Mawardi]</span> (d. 1058) was an Arab Shafi'i jurist, and his works on Islamic governance are recognized as classics in the field.
سطر ١٨٢: سطر ١٨٢:
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====Ibn Kathir====
====إبن كثير====


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir Ismail ibn Kathir]</span> (1301-1373) was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, popularly  known as "Tafsir ibn Kathir", remains as one of the most respected and widely used qur'anic commentaries available.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Kathir Ismail ibn Kathir]</span> (1301-1373) was an Islamic scholar and renowned commentator on the Qur'an. Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, popularly  known as "Tafsir ibn Kathir", remains as one of the most respected and widely used qur'anic commentaries available.
سطر ١٨٨: سطر ١٨٨:
{{Quote|تفسير ابن كثير على سورة التوبة آية 29|قَالَ: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ فَهُمْ فِي نَفْسِ الْأَمْرِ لَمَّا كَفَرُوا بِمُحَمَّدٍ صلى الله عليه وسلم(١١) لَمْ يَبْقَ لَهُمْ إِيمَانٌ صَحِيحٌ بِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الرُّسُلِ، وَلَا بِمَا جَاءُوا بِهِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَتَّبِعُونَ آرَاءَهُمْ وَأَهْوَاءَهُمْ وَآبَاءَهُمْ فِيمَا هُمْ فِيهِ، لَا لِأَنَّهُ شَرْعُ اللَّهِ وَدِينُهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ لَوْ كَانُوا مُؤْمِنِينَ بِمَا بِأَيْدِيهِمْ إِيمَانًا صَحِيحًا لَقَادَهُمْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ بِمُحَمَّدٍ، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ، لِأَنَّ جَمِيعَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ [الْأَقْدَمِينَ](١٢) بَشَّرُوا بِهِ، وَأَمَرُوا بِاتِّبَاعِهِ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَ وَكَفَرُوا(١٣) بِهِ، وَهُوَ أَشْرَفُ الرُّسُلِ، عُلِم أَنَّهُمْ لَيْسُوا مُتَمَسِّكِينَ بِشَرْعِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ الْأَقْدَمِينَ لِأَنَّهُ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ، بَلْ لِحُظُوظِهِمْ وَأَهْوَائِهِمْ، فَلِهَذَا لَا يَنْفَعُهُمْ إِيمَانُهُمْ بِبَقِيَّةِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ، وَقَدْ كَفَرُوا بِسَيِّدِهِمْ وَأَفْضَلِهِمْ وَخَاتَمِهِمْ وَأَكْمَلِهِمْ؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ﴾ وَهَذِهِ الْآيَةُ الْكَرِيمَةُ [نَزَلَتْ](١٤) أَوَّلَ الْأَمْرِ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، بَعْدَ مَا تَمَهَّدَتْ أُمُورُ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَدَخَلَ النَّاسُ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا، فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَامَتْ(١٥) جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَبِ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابَيْنِ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي سَنَةِ تِسْعٍ؛ وَلِهَذَا تَجَهَّزَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لِقِتَالِ الرُّومِ وَدَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، وَأَظْهَرَهُ لَهُمْ، وَبَعَثَ إِلَى أَحْيَاءِ الْعَرَبِ حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَنَدَبَهُمْ، فَأَوْعَبوا مَعَهُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ مِنَ الْمُقَاتِلَةِ(١٦) نَحْوٌ [مِنْ](١٧) ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا، وَتَخَلَّفَ بعضُ النَّاسِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهَا مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي عَامِ جَدْب، وَوَقْتِ قَيْظ وَحَرٍّ، وَخَرَجَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، يُرِيدُ الشَّامَ لِقِتَالِ الرُّومِ، فَبَلَغَ تَبُوكَ، فَنَزَلَ بِهَا وَأَقَامَ عَلَى مَائِهَا(١٨) قَرِيبًا مِنْ عِشْرِينَ يَوْمًا، ثُمَّ اسْتَخَارَ اللَّهَ فِي الرُّجُوعِ، فَرَجَعَ عَامَهُ ذَلِكَ لِضِيقِ الْحَالِ وَضَعْفِ النَّاسِ، كَمَا سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهُ بَعْدُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ.}}
{{Quote|تفسير ابن كثير على سورة التوبة آية 29|قَالَ: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ﴾ فَهُمْ فِي نَفْسِ الْأَمْرِ لَمَّا كَفَرُوا بِمُحَمَّدٍ صلى الله عليه وسلم(١١) لَمْ يَبْقَ لَهُمْ إِيمَانٌ صَحِيحٌ بِأَحَدٍ مِنَ الرُّسُلِ، وَلَا بِمَا جَاءُوا بِهِ، وَإِنَّمَا يَتَّبِعُونَ آرَاءَهُمْ وَأَهْوَاءَهُمْ وَآبَاءَهُمْ فِيمَا هُمْ فِيهِ، لَا لِأَنَّهُ شَرْعُ اللَّهِ وَدِينُهُ؛ لِأَنَّهُمْ لَوْ كَانُوا مُؤْمِنِينَ بِمَا بِأَيْدِيهِمْ إِيمَانًا صَحِيحًا لَقَادَهُمْ ذَلِكَ إِلَى الْإِيمَانِ بِمُحَمَّدٍ، صَلَوَاتُ اللَّهِ عَلَيْهِ، لِأَنَّ جَمِيعَ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ [الْأَقْدَمِينَ](١٢) بَشَّرُوا بِهِ، وَأَمَرُوا بِاتِّبَاعِهِ، فَلَمَّا جَاءَ وَكَفَرُوا(١٣) بِهِ، وَهُوَ أَشْرَفُ الرُّسُلِ، عُلِم أَنَّهُمْ لَيْسُوا مُتَمَسِّكِينَ بِشَرْعِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ الْأَقْدَمِينَ لِأَنَّهُ مِنْ عِنْدِ اللَّهِ، بَلْ لِحُظُوظِهِمْ وَأَهْوَائِهِمْ، فَلِهَذَا لَا يَنْفَعُهُمْ إِيمَانُهُمْ بِبَقِيَّةِ الْأَنْبِيَاءِ، وَقَدْ كَفَرُوا بِسَيِّدِهِمْ وَأَفْضَلِهِمْ وَخَاتَمِهِمْ وَأَكْمَلِهِمْ؛ وَلِهَذَا قَالَ: ﴿قَاتِلُوا الَّذِينَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّهِ وَلا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخِرِ وَلا يُحَرِّمُونَ مَا حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ وَلا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحَقِّ مِنَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا الْكِتَابَ﴾ وَهَذِهِ الْآيَةُ الْكَرِيمَةُ [نَزَلَتْ](١٤) أَوَّلَ الْأَمْرِ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ، بَعْدَ مَا تَمَهَّدَتْ أُمُورُ الْمُشْرِكِينَ وَدَخَلَ النَّاسُ فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ أَفْوَاجًا، فَلَمَّا اسْتَقَامَتْ(١٥) جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَبِ أَمَرَ اللَّهُ وَرَسُولُهُ بِقِتَالِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابَيْنِ الْيَهُودِ وَالنَّصَارَى، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي سَنَةِ تِسْعٍ؛ وَلِهَذَا تَجَهَّزَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صلى الله عليه وسلم لِقِتَالِ الرُّومِ وَدَعَا النَّاسَ إِلَى ذَلِكَ، وَأَظْهَرَهُ لَهُمْ، وَبَعَثَ إِلَى أَحْيَاءِ الْعَرَبِ حَوْلَ الْمَدِينَةِ فَنَدَبَهُمْ، فَأَوْعَبوا مَعَهُ، وَاجْتَمَعَ مِنَ الْمُقَاتِلَةِ(١٦) نَحْوٌ [مِنْ](١٧) ثَلَاثِينَ أَلْفًا، وَتَخَلَّفَ بعضُ النَّاسِ مِنْ أَهْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ وَمَنْ حَوْلَهَا مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، وَكَانَ ذَلِكَ فِي عَامِ جَدْب، وَوَقْتِ قَيْظ وَحَرٍّ، وَخَرَجَ، عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ، يُرِيدُ الشَّامَ لِقِتَالِ الرُّومِ، فَبَلَغَ تَبُوكَ، فَنَزَلَ بِهَا وَأَقَامَ عَلَى مَائِهَا(١٨) قَرِيبًا مِنْ عِشْرِينَ يَوْمًا، ثُمَّ اسْتَخَارَ اللَّهَ فِي الرُّجُوعِ، فَرَجَعَ عَامَهُ ذَلِكَ لِضِيقِ الْحَالِ وَضَعْفِ النَّاسِ، كَمَا سَيَأْتِي بَيَانُهُ بَعْدُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ.}}


====Al-Misri====
====المصري====


Al-Misri (1302–1367) was an Islamic scholar. His manual of fiqh consists of the soundest positions of the Shafi'i school, and its modern translation became the first standard Islamic legal reference in a European language to be certified by Al-Azhar university.
Al-Misri (1302–1367) was an Islamic scholar. His manual of fiqh consists of the soundest positions of the Shafi'i school, and its modern translation became the first standard Islamic legal reference in a European language to be certified by Al-Azhar university.
سطر ٢٠٢: سطر ٢٠٢:
ومَنْ أمَّنَهُ مِنَ الكُفّارِ مُسلمٌ بالغٌ عاقلٌ مُختارٌ ولوْ عبداً حرُمَ قتْلُهُ، ومنْ أسلمَ مِنْهُم قبلَ الأسرِ حُقِنَ دَمُهُ ومالُهُ وصغارُ أوْلادهِ عنِ السَّبْي، ومتى أُسِرَ منْهمْ صبيّ أو امرأة رَقَّ بنَفسِ الأسْرِ، وينفَسِخُ نِكاحُها، أو بالِغٍ تَخَيَّرَ الإمامُ بالمصلحةِ بينَ القتلِ والاسْتِرقاقِ، والمنِّ والفِداءِ بمالٍ أو بأسيرٍ مُسلِمٍ، فإنْ أسْلمَ قبْلَ أنْ يَختارَ الإمامُ فيهِ شيْئاً منَ الخِصالِ المذكورةِ سقطَ قتْلُهُ، ويُخَيَّرُ بيْنَ الثَّلاثِ الباقِيةِ، ويجوزُ قطْعُ أشْجارَهِمْ وتَخريبِ دِيارِهِم.  }}
ومَنْ أمَّنَهُ مِنَ الكُفّارِ مُسلمٌ بالغٌ عاقلٌ مُختارٌ ولوْ عبداً حرُمَ قتْلُهُ، ومنْ أسلمَ مِنْهُم قبلَ الأسرِ حُقِنَ دَمُهُ ومالُهُ وصغارُ أوْلادهِ عنِ السَّبْي، ومتى أُسِرَ منْهمْ صبيّ أو امرأة رَقَّ بنَفسِ الأسْرِ، وينفَسِخُ نِكاحُها، أو بالِغٍ تَخَيَّرَ الإمامُ بالمصلحةِ بينَ القتلِ والاسْتِرقاقِ، والمنِّ والفِداءِ بمالٍ أو بأسيرٍ مُسلِمٍ، فإنْ أسْلمَ قبْلَ أنْ يَختارَ الإمامُ فيهِ شيْئاً منَ الخِصالِ المذكورةِ سقطَ قتْلُهُ، ويُخَيَّرُ بيْنَ الثَّلاثِ الباقِيةِ، ويجوزُ قطْعُ أشْجارَهِمْ وتَخريبِ دِيارِهِم.  }}


===Other===
====عبد الله إبن عباس====


====Ziauddin Barani====
.Abd Allah ibn `Abbas was a paternal cousin of the Prophet Muhammad and a 7th-century expert on the Qur'an and Sunnah.
 
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani Ziauddin Barani]</span> (1285 - 1357) was a Muslim historian and political thinker who lived in India. He was best known for composing the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, and the Fatwa-i-Jahandari which details the Muslim Caste System in South Asia.
 
{{Quote||Sons of Mahmud [of Ghazni] and kings of Islam! You should with all your royal determination apply yourself to uprooting and disgracing infidels, polytheists, and men of bad dogmas and bad religions, if you wish that you may not have to be ashamed before God and his Prophets and that in your record of life - concerning what you have said and done, the clothes you have worn, and the food you have eaten - they may write good instead of evil. You should consider the enemies of God and His Faith to be your enemies and you should risk your power and authority in overthrowing them, so that you may win the approval of God and the Prophet Mohammad and all prophets and saints. You should not content yourself merely with levying the poll-tax and the tribute from the infidels and you should not allow infidelity to be preserved in spite of your royal power and authority. You should strive day and night for the degradation of infidelity so that (on the Day of Judgment) you may be raised (from your graves) among the prophets and be blessed with the sight of God for all eternity and "may find a seat among the truthful near the Powerful King of (god)."<BR><BR>
The majority of religious scholars and wise men of early (Islamic) as well as later time have been sure that if Muslim kings strive with all their might and power and the power of all their supporters on this path, the following objects will be attained: - the true Faith will gain a proper ascendancy over the false creeds; the True Word will be honored; the traditions of infidelity and polytheism will be weakened; Musalmans will be favored and honored; infidels and men of bad faith will be faced with destitution and disgrace; the orders of the unlawful fate and the opposed creeds will be erased; the laws of the ''shari'at'' will be enforced on the seventy-two communities; and the enemies of God and the Prophet will be condemned, banished, repudiated, and terrorized.<ref>Excerpted from a translation of Ziauddin Barani's ''Fatawa-i Jahandari'', ca. 1358-1359 CE, in Mohammad Habib, ''The Political Theory of the Delhi Sultanate'' (Allahabad: Kitab Mahal, 1961), pp. 46-47.</ref>}}
 
====Ibn Hudayl====
 
Ibn Hudayl was a fourteenth century Granadan who authored an important treatise on Islamic Jihad.
 
{{Quote||It is permissible to set fire to the lands of the enemy, his stores of grain, his beasts of burden - if it is not possible for the Muslims to take possession of them - as well as to cut down his trees, to raze his cities, in a word, to do everything that might ruin and discourage him, provided that the imam (i.e. the religious "guide" of the community of believers) deems these measures appropriate, suited to hastening the Islamization of that enemy or to weakening him. Indeed, all this contributes to a military triumph over him or to forcing him to capitulate.<ref>Ibn Hudayl (French translation by Louis Mercier), L'Ornement des Ames, Paris, 1939, p. 195. English translation by Michael J. Miller.</ref>}}
 
====Ahmad Sirhindi====
 
Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624) was an Islamic scholar and prominent Sufi. He is regarded as having rejuvenated Islam, due to which he is commonly called "Mujadid Alf Thani", meaning "reviver of the second millennium".
 
{{Quote||''Shariat can be fostered through the sword.<BR><BR>
''Kufr'' and Islam are opposed to each other. The progress of one is possible only at the expense of the other and co-existences between these two contradictory faiths in unthinkable.<BR><BR>
The honor of Islam lies in insulting ''kufr'' and ''kafirs''. One who respects ''kafirs'', dishonors the Muslims. To respect them does not merely mean honouring them and assigning them a seat of honor in any assembly, but it also implies keeping company with them or showing considerations to them. They should be kept at an arm's length like dogs. ... If some worldly business cannot be performed without them, in that case only a minimum of contact should be established with them but without taking them into confidence. The highest Islamic sentiment asserts that it is better to forego that worldly business and that no relationship should be established with the ''kafirs''.<BR><BR>
The real purpose in levying ''jizya'' on them is to humiliate them to such an extent that, on account of fear of ''jizya'', they may not be able to dress well and to live in grandeur. They should constantly remain terrified and trembling. It is intended to hold them under contempt and to uphold the honor and might of Islam.<BR><BR>
. . .<BR><BR>
Whenever a Jew is killed, it is for the benefit of Islam.<ref>Excerpted from Saiyid Athar Abbas Rizvi, ''Muslim Revivalist Movements in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries'' (Agra, Lucknow: Agra University, Balkrishna Book Co., 1965), pp.247-50; and Yohanan Friedmann, ''Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity'' (Montreal, Quebec: McGill University, Institute of Islamic Studies, 1971), pp. 73-74.</ref>}}
 
====`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas====
 
{{wp|`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas}} was a paternal cousin of the Prophet Muhammad and a 7th-century expert on the Qur'an and Sunnah.


{{Quote||  
{{Quote||  
{قَاتِلُواْ الَّذين لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّه وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخر} وَلَا بنعيم الْجنَّة {وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ} فِي التَّوْرَاة {مَا حَرَّمَ الله وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحق} لَا يخضعون لله بِالتَّوْحِيدِ ثمَّ بيَّن من هم فَقَالَ {مِنَ الَّذين أُوتُواْ الْكتاب} أعْطوا الْكتاب يَعْنِي الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى {حَتَّى يُعْطُواْ الْجِزْيَة عَن يَدٍ} عَن قيام من يَد فِي يَد {وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} ذليلون}}
{قَاتِلُواْ الَّذين لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ بِاللَّه وَلَا بِالْيَوْمِ الآخر} وَلَا بنعيم الْجنَّة {وَلَا يُحَرِّمُونَ} فِي التَّوْرَاة {مَا حَرَّمَ الله وَرَسُولُهُ وَلَا يَدِينُونَ دِينَ الْحق} لَا يخضعون لله بِالتَّوْحِيدِ ثمَّ بيَّن من هم فَقَالَ {مِنَ الَّذين أُوتُواْ الْكتاب} أعْطوا الْكتاب يَعْنِي الْيَهُود وَالنَّصَارَى {حَتَّى يُعْطُواْ الْجِزْيَة عَن يَدٍ} عَن قيام من يَد فِي يَد {وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ} ذليلون}}


==Modern Day Scholars==
==علماء حديثون==


===Sayyid Qutb===
===سيد قطب===


[[w:Sayyid Qutb|Sayyid Qutb]] <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb (1906 -1996)]</span> was an Egyptian author, educator, Islamist, poet, and the leading intellectual of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (one of the world's largest Islamic organizations) in the 1950s and '60s.
[[w:Sayyid Qutb|Sayyid Qutb]] <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb (1906 -1996)]</span> was an Egyptian author, educator, Islamist, poet, and the leading intellectual of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (one of the world's largest Islamic organizations) in the 1950s and '60s.
سطر ٢٧٧: سطر ٢٥١:
  }}
  }}


===Ruhollah Khomeini===
===إسلام سؤال وجواب===
 
Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] <span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam_Khomeini (1900-1989)]</span> was a Shi'ite Marja and leader of the 1979 Islamic Revolution.
 
{{Quote||Islam's jihad is a struggle against idolatry, sexual deviations, plunder, repression, and cruelty. The war waged by [non-Muslim] conquerors, however, aims at promoting lust and animal pleasures. They care not if whole countries are wiped out and many families left homeless. But those who study jihad will understand why Islam wants to conquer the whole world. All the countries conquered by Islam or to be conquered in the future will be marked for everlasting salvation. For they shall live under [God's law]. ....
 
Those who know nothing of Islam pretend that Islam counsels against was. Those [who say this] are witless. Islam says: Kill all the unbelievers just as they would kill you all! Does this mean that Muslims should sit back until are devoured by [the unbelievers]? Islam says: Kill them [the non-Muslims], put them to the sword and scatter [their armies]. Does this mean sitting back until [non-Muslims] overcome us? Islam says: Kill in the service of Allah those who may want to kill you! Does this mean that we should surrender [to the enemy]? Islam says: Whatever good there is exists thanks to the sword and in the shadow of the sword! People cannot be made obedient except with the sword! The sword is the key to paradise, which can be opened only for holy warriors!
 
There are hundreds of other [Koranic] psalms and hadiths urging Muslims to value war and to fight. Does all that mean that Islam is a religion that prevents men from waging war? I spit upon those foolish souls who make such a claim.<ref name="Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East Khomeini">Excerpted from "Islam Is Not a Religion of Pacifists" (1942), "Speech at Feyziyeh Theological School" (August 24, 1979). English translation in Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, ''Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 29, 32-36.</ref>}}
 
{{Quote||Islam grew with blood. The great religions of the preceding prophets and the momentous religion of Islam, while clutching divine books for the guidance of the people in one hand, carried arms in the other. Abraham ... in one hand carried the books of the prophets; in the other, an ax to crush the infidels. Moses, the interlocutor of God ... in one hand carried the Pentateuch and in the other a staff, which reduced the pharoahs to the dust of ignominy, a staff that was like a dragon swallowing up the traitors.
 
The great prophet of Islam in one hand carried the Koran and in the other a sword; the sword for crushing the traitors and the Koran for guidance. For those who could be guided, the Koran was their means of guidance, while as for those who could be guided and were plotters, the sword descended on their heads. ... Islam is a religion of blood for the infidels but a religion of guidance for other people.
 
We have sacrificed much blood and many martyrs. Islam has sacrificed blood and martyrs.
 
We do not fear giving martyrs. ... Whatever we give for Islam is not enough and is too little. Our lives are not worthy. Let those who wish us ill not imagine that our youths are afraid of death or of martyrdom. Martyrdom is a legacy which we have received from our prophets. Those should fear death who consider the aftermath of death to be obliteration. We, who consider the aftermath of death a life more sublime than this one, what fear have we? The traitors should be afraid. The servants of God have no fear. Our army, our gendarmerie, our police, our guards have no fear. Our guards who were [killed] ... have achieved eternal life. ...
 
These people who want freedom, who want our youths to be free, write effusively about the freedom of our youth. What freedom do they want? ... They want the gambling casinos to remain freely open, they want heroin addicts to be free, opium addicts to be free. They want the seas to be free everywhere for the youth [i.e. mixed bathing].<ref name="Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East Khomeini"/>}}
 
 
{{Quote|Ayatollah Khomeini. Speech delivered on the commemoration of the Birth of Muhammad, 1981.|Mehrab (niche in a mosque) means a place of war, a place of fighting. Out of the mosques, wars should proceed. Just as all the wars of Islam proceeded out of the mosques. The prophet had a sword to kill people. Our Holy Imams were quite militant. All of them were warriors. They used to wield swords. They used to kill people. We need a Caliph who would chop hands, cut throats, stone people. In the way that the messenger of Allah used to chop hands, cut throats, and stone people.}}
 
===Ayatollah Sadegh Khalkhali===
Sadegh Khalkhali was a hardline Shia cleric of Iran and the Head of its Islamic Revolutionary Court.
{{Quote|''Holy Terro'', Amir Taheri, Sphere Books Limited, London 1987, p. 36; Scott, Peterson (2002), ''Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan and Rwanda'', Routledge (London).|Those who are against killing have no place in Islam. Our Prophet killed with his own blessed hands. Our Imam Ali killed more than seven hundred on a single day. If the survival of the faith requires the shedding of blood, we are there to perform our duty}}
 
===Bassam Tibi===
 
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassam_Tibi Bassam Tibi]</span> (b. 1944) is a Muslim German political scientist of Syrian origin who has taught at Göttingen, Harvard, and Cornell University.
 
{{Quote||'''THE GROUNDS FOR WAR'''<BR>
The Western distinction between just and unjust wars linked to specific grounds for war is unknown in Islam. Any war against unbelievers, whatever its immediate ground, is morally justified. Only in this sense can one distinguish just and unjust wars in Islamic tradition. When Muslims wage war for the dissemination of Islam, it is a just war (''futuhat'', literally "opening," in the sense of opening the world, through the use of force, to the call to Islam); when non-Muslims attack Muslims, it is an unjust war ('''idwan'').
 
The usual Western interpretation of jihad as a "just war" in the Western sense is, therefore, a misreading of this Islamic concept. I disagree, for example, with Khadduri's interpretation of jihad as ''bellum justum''. As Khadduri himself observes:<BR>
<blockquote>The universality of Islam provided a unifying element for all believers, within the world of Islam, and its defensive-offensive character produced a state of warfare permanently declared against the outside world, the world of war. Thus jihad may be regarded as Islam's instument for carrying out its ultimate objective by turning all people into believers.</blockquote>
According to the Western just war concept, just wars are limited to a single issue; they are not universal and permanent wars grounded on a religious worldview.
 
The classical religious doctrine of Islam understands war in two ways. The first is literal war, fighting or battle (''qital''), which in Islam is understood to be a last resort in following the Qur'anic precept to guarantee the spread of Islam, usually when non-Muslims hinder the effort to do so. The other understanding is metaphorical: war as a permanent condition between Muslims and nonbelievers. The Qur'an makes a distinction between fighting (''qital'') and aggression ('' 'idwan'') and asks Muslims not to be aggressors: "Fight for the sake of Allah against those who fight against you but do not be violent because Allah does not love aggressors" (al-Baqara 2.190). The same Qur'anic passage continues: "Kill them wherever you find them. Drive them out of places from which they drove you. ... Fight against them until idolatry is no more and Allah's religion reigns supreme" (al-Baqara 2.190-92). The Qur'anic term for fighting is here qital, not jihad. The Qur'an prescribes fighting for the spread of Islam: "Fighting is obligatory for you, much as you dislike it" (al-Baqara 2.216). The qital of Muslims against unbelievers is a religious obligation: "Fight for the cause of Allah ... how could you not fight for the cause of Allah? ... True believers fight for the cause of Allah,. but the infidels fight for idols" (al-'Nisa 4.74-76).
 
As noted above, Muslims tend to quote Qur'an selectively to support their own ethical views. This practice has caused a loss of specificity in the meaning of jihad, as Saddam Hussein's use of the term during the Gulf War illustrates. The current dissension about the concept of jihad dates from the rise of political Islam and the eruption of sectarian religious strife. Present-day Islamic fundamentalist groups - groups whose programs are based on the revival of Islamic values - often invoke the idea of jihad to legitimize their political agendas. The reason for this misuse of the concept is simple: most fundamentalists are lay people who lack intimate knowledge of Islamic sources and who politicize Islam to justify their activities. Before the Gulf War, for example, this occurred in Egypt, during the Lebanon War, and in the civil war in Sudan. Through such overuse and misuse, the concept of jihad has become confused with the related Islamic concept of "armed fighting" (''qital''). Therefore, there is a great need for a historical analysis of the place of scripture in Islamic tradition. Although Islamic ethics of peace and war indeed mostly scriptural, scriptural references can be adequately interpreted only in a historical context.
 
As we have seen, Islam understands itself as a mission of peace for all humanity, although this call (''da'wa'') can sometimes be pursued by war. In this sense, the ''da'wa'' is an invitation to jihad, which means fundamentally "to exert one's self" and can involve either military or nonmilitary effort. Jihad can become a war (''qital'') against those who oppose Islam, either by failing to submit to it peacefully or by creating obstacles to its spread. Although Islam glorifies neither war nor violence, those Muslims who fight and die for the ''da'wa'' are considered blessed by Allah.<ref>Bassam Tibi, "War and Peace in Islam," in ''the Ethics of War and Peace: Religious and Secular Perspectives'', ed. Terry Nardin (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), pp. 128-45.</ref>}}
 
===Ramadan Buti===


<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Dr_Said_R_Buti.htm Dr. M. Sa’id Ramadan Al-Buti]</span> (b. 1929) is the Head of the Beliefs and Religions Department in The Faculty of the Islamic Law, Damascus University, and a member of the High Council of Oxford Academy in England.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.sunnah.org/history/Scholars/Dr_Said_R_Buti.htm Dr. M. Sa’id Ramadan Al-Buti]</span> (b. 1929) is the Head of the Beliefs and Religions Department in The Faculty of the Islamic Law, Damascus University, and a member of the High Council of Oxford Academy in England.
سطر ٤٤٦: سطر ٣٧٦:
والله أعلم .}}
والله أعلم .}}


===Abdullah Yusuf Azzam===
===عبد الله يوسف عزام===


<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]</span> (1941 – 1989) was a highly influential Palestinian Sunni Islamic scholar and theologian.
<span class="plainlinks">[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]</span> (1941 – 1989) was a highly influential Palestinian Sunni Islamic scholar and theologian.
سطر ٤٩٠: سطر ٤٢٠:
وأتصبح المور العظيمة غاية القلوب وأأمل الشعوب}}
وأتصبح المور العظيمة غاية القلوب وأأمل الشعوب}}


===Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi===
===محمد صالح المنجد===
 
<span class="plainlinks">[http://www.famousmuslims.com/Maududi.htm Syed Abul A'ala Maududi]</span> (1903-1979) was a Sunni Pakistani scholar, theologian, writer, and the founder of Jama'at-i Islami.
 
{{Quote||In reality Islam is a revolutionary ideology and programme which seeks to alter the social order of the whole world and rebuild it in conformity with its own tenets and ideals. 'Muslim' is the title of that International Revolutionary Party organized by Islam to carry into effect its revolutionary programme. And 'Jihad' refers to that revolutionary struggle and utmost exertion which the Islamic Party brings into play to acheive this objective.<BR>. . .<BR>
Islam wishes to destroy all States and Governments anywhere on the face of the earth which are opposed to the ideology and programme of Islam regardless of the country or the Nation which rules it. The purpose of Islam is to set up a State on the basis of its own ideology and programme, regardless of which Nation assumes the role of the standard bearer of Islam or the rule of which nation is undermined in the process of the establishment of an ideological Islamic State.<BR>. . .<BR>
No one has the right to become a self-appointed ruler of men and issue orders and prohibitions on his own volition and authority. To acknowledge the personal authority of a human being as the source of commands and prohibitions is tantamount to admitting him as the sharer in the Powers and Autority of God. And this is the root of all evils in the universe.<BR>. . .<BR>
Islam is not merely a religious creed or compund name for a few forms of worship, but a comprehensive system which envisages to annihilate all tyrannical and evil systems in the world and enforces its own programme of reform which it deems best for the well-being of mankind.<BR>. . .<BR>
It must be evident to you from this discussion that the objective of Islamic 'Jihad' is to eliminate the rule of an un-Islamic system and establish in its stead an Islamic system of State rule. Islam does not intend to confine this revolution to a single State or a few countries; the aim of Islam is to bring about a universal revolution.<BR>. . .<BR>
Islamic 'Jihad' does not seek to interfere with the faith, ideology, rituals of worship or social customs of the people. It allows them perfect freedom of religious belief and permits them to act according to their creed. However, Islamic 'Jihad' does not recognize their right to administer State affairs according to a system which, in the view of Islam, is evil. Furthermore, Islamic 'Jihad' also refuses to admit their right to continue with such practices under an Islamic government which fatally affect the publich interest from the viewpoint of Islam.<ref>Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.muhammadanism.org/Terrorism/jihah_in_islam/jihad_in_islam.pdf|2=2011-04-25}} Jihad in Islam] - Islamic Publications (Pvt.) Ltd., pp. 8, 9, 14, 19, 24, 28</ref>}}
 
===Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid===


Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid (b. 1962), is a well-known Saudi Islamic scholar, lecturer, and author. The following fatwa is taken from his Islam Q&A site.
Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid (b. 1962), is a well-known Saudi Islamic scholar, lecturer, and author. The following fatwa is taken from his Islam Q&A site.
سطر ٦٣١: سطر ٥٥٠:
نسأل الله تعالى أن يرد المسلمين إلى دينهم رداًّ جميلاً . وصلى الله وسلم على نبينا محمد . }}
نسأل الله تعالى أن يرد المسلمين إلى دينهم رداًّ جميلاً . وصلى الله وسلم على نبينا محمد . }}


==See Also==
==الروابط الخارجية==
 
{{Hub4|Jihad (Primary Sources)|Jihad (Primary Sources)}}
 
==External Links==


*[http://www.answering-islam.de/Main/Books/Hughes/jihad.htm The "Dictionary of Islam" by Thomas Patrick Hughes: Jihad] ''- Answering Islam''
*[http://www.answering-islam.de/Main/Books/Hughes/jihad.htm The "Dictionary of Islam" by Thomas Patrick Hughes: Jihad] ''- Answering Islam''
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/In-The-Name-of-Allah.htm<!-- *[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/In-The-Name-of-Allah.htm|2=2012-09-05}} ] --> In the Name of Allah: Why terrorists do what they do... in their own words.] ''- The Religion Of Peace''
*[http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/In-The-Name-of-Allah.htm<!-- *[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/Pages/In-The-Name-of-Allah.htm|2=2012-09-05}} ] --> In the Name of Allah: Why terrorists do what they do... in their own words.] ''- The Religion Of Peace''
 
[[en:Qur'an,_Hadith_and_Scholars:Scholars_on_Jihad]]
==References==
<references />
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